Association between Air Pollutants and Asthma Emergency Room Visits and Hospital Admissions in Time Series Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined. We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure...

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Published in:PloS one Vol. 10; no. 9; p. e0138146
Main Authors: Zheng, Xue-yan, Ding, Hong, Jiang, Li-na, Chen, Shao-wei, Zheng, Jin-ping, Qiu, Min, Zhou, Ying-xue, Chen, Qing, Guan, Wei-jie
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 18.09.2015
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:
Aged
Air Pollutants - analysis
Air pollution
Air Pollution - analysis
Ambulatory Care - statistics & numerical data
Analysis
Asthma
Asthma - epidemiology
Asthma - therapy
Carbon monoxide
Care and treatment
Child
Children
Confidence intervals
Emergency medical care
Emergency medical services
Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data
Environmental aspects
Environmental Exposure - analysis
Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data
Environmental risk
Exposure
Geriatrics
Health care
Health risks
Hospital admission and discharge
Hospitalization
Humans
Male
Males
Management
Medical care utilization
Medical ethics
Meta-analysis
Nitrogen dioxide
Older people
Outdoor air quality
Ozone
Particulate emissions
Particulate matter
Particulate Matter - analysis
Patient Admission - statistics & numerical data
Pollutants
Risk assessment
Risk factors
Seasons
Sensitivity
Sensitivity analysis
Subgroups
Sulfur
Sulfur compounds
Sulfur dioxide
Systematic review
Time Factors
Warm seasons
Australia
Europe
China
ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined. We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) and PM2.5] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations. Systematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed. After screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O3: RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO2: RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO2: RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM10: RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM2.5: RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater. Short-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
AbstractList Background Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined. Objective We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter ≤10μm (PM10) and PM2.5] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations. Methods Systematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed. Results After screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O3: RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO2: RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO2: RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM10: RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM2.5: RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater. Conclusion Short-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined. We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O.sub.3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2 ), and particulate matter [less than or equal to]10[mu]m (PM.sub.10) and PM.sub.2.5 ] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations. Systematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed. After screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O.sub.3 : RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I.sup.2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I.sup.2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO.sub.2 : RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I.sup.2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO.sub.2 : RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I.sup.2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM.sub.10 : RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I.sup.2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM.sub.2.5 : RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I.sup.2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater. Short-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined. We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) and PM2.5] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations. Systematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed. After screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O3: RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO2: RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO2: RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM10: RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM2.5: RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater. Short-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
Background Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined. Objective We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O 3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and particulate matter ≤10μm (PM 10 ) and PM 2.5 ] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations. Methods Systematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed. Results After screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O 3 : RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I 2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I 2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO 2 : RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I 2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO 2 : RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I 2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM 10 : RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I 2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM 2.5 : RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I 2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater. Conclusion Short-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
BackgroundAir pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined.ObjectiveWe sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) and PM2.5] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations.MethodsSystematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed.ResultsAfter screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O3: RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO2: RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO2: RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM10: RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM2.5: RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater.ConclusionShort-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
Background Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined. Objective We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O.sub.3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2 ), and particulate matter [less than or equal to]10[mu]m (PM.sub.10) and PM.sub.2.5 ] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations. Methods Systematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed. Results After screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O.sub.3 : RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I.sup.2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I.sup.2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO.sub.2 : RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I.sup.2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO.sub.2 : RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I.sup.2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM.sub.10 : RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I.sup.2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM.sub.2.5 : RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I.sup.2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater. Conclusion Short-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined.BACKGROUNDAir pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency room visits (ERVs) have not been fully determined.We sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) and PM2.5] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations.OBJECTIVEWe sought to quantify the associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants [ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) and PM2.5] and the asthma-related emergency room visits (ERV) and hospitalizations.Systematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed.METHODSSystematic computerized searches without language limitation were performed. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the random-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also performed.After screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O3: RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO2: RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO2: RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM10: RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM2.5: RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater.RESULTSAfter screening of 246 studies, 87 were included in our analyses. Air pollutants were associated with significantly increased risks of asthma ERVs and hospitalizations [O3: RR(95%CI), 1.009 (1.006, 1.011); I2 = 87.8%, population-attributable fraction (PAF) (95%CI): 0.8 (0.6, 1.1); CO: RR(95%CI), 1.045 (1.029, 1.061); I2 = 85.7%, PAF (95%CI): 4.3 (2.8, 5.7); NO2: RR(95%CI), 1.018 (1.014, 1.022); I2 = 87.6%, PAF (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2); SO2: RR(95%CI), 1.011 (1.007, 1.015); I2 = 77.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.7, 1.5); PM10: RR(95%CI), 1.010 (1.008, 1.013); I2 = 69.1%, PAF (95%CI): 1.1 (0.8, 1.3); PM2.5: RR(95%CI), 1.023 (1.015, 1.031); I2 = 82.8%, PAF (95%CI): 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)]. Sensitivity analyses yielded compatible findings as compared with the overall analyses without publication bias. Stronger associations were found in hospitalized males, children and elderly patients in warm seasons with lag of 2 days or greater.Short-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.CONCLUSIONShort-term exposures to air pollutants account for increased risks of asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations that constitute a considerable healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden.
Audience Academic
Author Qiu, Min
Ding, Hong
Chen, Shao-wei
Zhou, Ying-xue
Zheng, Xue-yan
Zheng, Jin-ping
Chen, Qing
Jiang, Li-na
Guan, Wei-jie
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
3 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
Hasselt University, BELGIUM
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
– name: 3 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
– name: Hasselt University, BELGIUM
– name: 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Xue-yan
  surname: Zheng
  fullname: Zheng, Xue-yan
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Hong
  surname: Ding
  fullname: Ding, Hong
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Li-na
  surname: Jiang
  fullname: Jiang, Li-na
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Shao-wei
  surname: Chen
  fullname: Chen, Shao-wei
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Jin-ping
  surname: Zheng
  fullname: Zheng, Jin-ping
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Min
  surname: Qiu
  fullname: Qiu, Min
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Ying-xue
  surname: Zhou
  fullname: Zhou, Ying-xue
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Qing
  surname: Chen
  fullname: Chen, Qing
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Wei-jie
  surname: Guan
  fullname: Guan, Wei-jie
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26382947$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Current Address: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Current Address: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Conceived and designed the experiments: XYZ WJG JPZ QC. Performed the experiments: XYZ HD LNJ SWC. Analyzed the data: XYZ MQ YXZ. Wrote the paper: XYZ WJG. Provided critical review of the manuscript and approved the final submission: WJG QC.
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Snippet Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related hospital...
Background Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related...
BackgroundAir pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related...
Background Air pollution constitutes a significant stimulus of asthma exacerbations; however, the impacts of exposure to major air pollutants on asthma-related...
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SubjectTerms Aged
Air Pollutants - analysis
Air pollution
Air Pollution - analysis
Ambulatory Care - statistics & numerical data
Analysis
Asthma
Asthma - epidemiology
Asthma - therapy
Carbon monoxide
Care and treatment
Child
Children
Confidence intervals
Emergency medical care
Emergency medical services
Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data
Environmental aspects
Environmental Exposure - analysis
Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data
Environmental risk
Exposure
Geriatrics
Health care
Health risks
Hospital admission and discharge
Hospitalization
Humans
Male
Males
Management
Medical care utilization
Medical ethics
Meta-analysis
Nitrogen dioxide
Older people
Outdoor air quality
Ozone
Particulate emissions
Particulate matter
Particulate Matter - analysis
Patient Admission - statistics & numerical data
Pollutants
Risk assessment
Risk factors
Seasons
Sensitivity
Sensitivity analysis
Subgroups
Sulfur
Sulfur compounds
Sulfur dioxide
Systematic review
Time Factors
Warm seasons
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Title Association between Air Pollutants and Asthma Emergency Room Visits and Hospital Admissions in Time Series Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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