A methodological framework for deriving the German food-based dietary guidelines 2024: Food groups, nutrient goals, and objective functions

For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. The objective...

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Published in:PloS one Vol. 20; no. 3; p. e0313347
Main Authors: Schäfer, Anne Carolin, Boeing, Heiner, Gazan, Rozenn, Conrad, Johanna, Gedrich, Kurt, Breidenassel, Christina, Hauner, Hans, Kroke, Anja, Linseisen, Jakob, Lorkowski, Stefan, Nöthlings, Ute, Richter, Margrit, Schwingshackl, Lukas, Vieux, Florent, Watzl, Bernhard
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 12.03.2025
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:
Adult
Biology and Life Sciences
Constraints
Deviation
Diet
Dietary guidelines
Female
Food
Food - classification
Food groups
Food habits
Food intake
Fruits
Germany
Grain
Guidelines
Health aspects
Humans
Male
Mathematical models
Meat
Meat products
Medicine and Health Sciences
Middle Aged
Models, Theoretical
Nutrients
Nutrition
Nutrition Policy
Objective function
Oils & fats
Optimization
Optimization models
People and Places
Physical Sciences
Poultry
Requirements
Vegetable oils
Germany
ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. The objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals. To answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5th and 95th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes). FoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model's goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute). Considering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
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Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0313347