A methodological framework for deriving the German food-based dietary guidelines 2024: Food groups, nutrient goals, and objective functions

For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. The objective...

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Vydáno v:	PloS one Ročník 20; číslo 3; s. e0313347
Hlavní autoři:	Schäfer, Anne Carolin, Boeing, Heiner, Gazan, Rozenn, Conrad, Johanna, Gedrich, Kurt, Breidenassel, Christina, Hauner, Hans, Kroke, Anja, Linseisen, Jakob, Lorkowski, Stefan, Nöthlings, Ute, Richter, Margrit, Schwingshackl, Lukas, Vieux, Florent, Watzl, Bernhard
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	United States Public Library of Science 12.03.2025 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Témata:	Adult Biology and Life Sciences Constraints Deviation Diet Dietary guidelines Female Food Food - classification Food groups Food habits Food intake Fruits Germany Grain Guidelines Health aspects Humans Male Mathematical models Meat Meat products Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Models, Theoretical Nutrients Nutrition Nutrition Policy Objective function Oils & fats Optimization Optimization models People and Places Physical Sciences Poultry Requirements Vegetable oils Germany
ISSN:	1932-6203, 1932-6203
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
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Popis
Shrnutí:	For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. The objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals. To answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5th and 95th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes). FoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model's goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute). Considering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
Bibliografie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
ISSN:	1932-6203 1932-6203
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pone.0313347