Optogenetic Tools for Subcellular Applications in Neuroscience

The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes fluorescent sensors to visualize signaling events in living cells and optogenetic actuators enabling manipulation of numerous...

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Published in:	Neuron (Cambridge, Mass.) Vol. 96; no. 3; p. 572
Main Authors:	Rost, Benjamin R, Schneider-Warme, Franziska, Schmitz, Dietmar, Hegemann, Peter
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States 01.11.2017
Subjects:	Animals Cell Physiological Phenomena - physiology Humans Intracellular Space - chemistry Intracellular Space - genetics Intracellular Space - metabolism Neurons - chemistry Neurons - physiology Neurosciences - methods Neurosciences - trends Optogenetics - methods Optogenetics - trends Rhodopsin - analysis Rhodopsin - genetics Second Messenger Systems - physiology neuroscience Channelrhodopsin optogenetics subcellular targeting organelles neurons trafficking
ISSN:	1097-4199, 1097-4199
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Abstract	The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes fluorescent sensors to visualize signaling events in living cells and optogenetic actuators enabling manipulation of numerous cellular activities. Most optogenetic tools are not targeted to specific subcellular compartments but are localized with limited discrimination throughout the cell. Therefore, optogenetic activation often does not reflect context-dependent effects of highly localized intracellular signaling events. Subcellular targeting is required to achieve more specific optogenetic readouts and photomanipulation. Here we first provide a detailed overview of the available optogenetic tools with a focus on optogenetic actuators. Second, we review established strategies for targeting these tools to specific subcellular compartments. Finally, we discuss useful tools and targeting strategies that are currently missing from the optogenetics repertoire and provide suggestions for novel subcellular optogenetic applications.
AbstractList	The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes fluorescent sensors to visualize signaling events in living cells and optogenetic actuators enabling manipulation of numerous cellular activities. Most optogenetic tools are not targeted to specific subcellular compartments but are localized with limited discrimination throughout the cell. Therefore, optogenetic activation often does not reflect context-dependent effects of highly localized intracellular signaling events. Subcellular targeting is required to achieve more specific optogenetic readouts and photomanipulation. Here we first provide a detailed overview of the available optogenetic tools with a focus on optogenetic actuators. Second, we review established strategies for targeting these tools to specific subcellular compartments. Finally, we discuss useful tools and targeting strategies that are currently missing from the optogenetics repertoire and provide suggestions for novel subcellular optogenetic applications.The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes fluorescent sensors to visualize signaling events in living cells and optogenetic actuators enabling manipulation of numerous cellular activities. Most optogenetic tools are not targeted to specific subcellular compartments but are localized with limited discrimination throughout the cell. Therefore, optogenetic activation often does not reflect context-dependent effects of highly localized intracellular signaling events. Subcellular targeting is required to achieve more specific optogenetic readouts and photomanipulation. Here we first provide a detailed overview of the available optogenetic tools with a focus on optogenetic actuators. Second, we review established strategies for targeting these tools to specific subcellular compartments. Finally, we discuss useful tools and targeting strategies that are currently missing from the optogenetics repertoire and provide suggestions for novel subcellular optogenetic applications. The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes fluorescent sensors to visualize signaling events in living cells and optogenetic actuators enabling manipulation of numerous cellular activities. Most optogenetic tools are not targeted to specific subcellular compartments but are localized with limited discrimination throughout the cell. Therefore, optogenetic activation often does not reflect context-dependent effects of highly localized intracellular signaling events. Subcellular targeting is required to achieve more specific optogenetic readouts and photomanipulation. Here we first provide a detailed overview of the available optogenetic tools with a focus on optogenetic actuators. Second, we review established strategies for targeting these tools to specific subcellular compartments. Finally, we discuss useful tools and targeting strategies that are currently missing from the optogenetics repertoire and provide suggestions for novel subcellular optogenetic applications.
Author	Rost, Benjamin R Hegemann, Peter Schmitz, Dietmar Schneider-Warme, Franziska
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Benjamin R surname: Rost fullname: Rost, Benjamin R organization: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Franziska surname: Schneider-Warme fullname: Schneider-Warme, Franziska organization: Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Germany; Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Dietmar surname: Schmitz fullname: Schmitz, Dietmar organization: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Foundation Berlin, Berlin, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Peter surname: Hegemann fullname: Hegemann, Peter email: hegemape@rz.hu-berlin.de organization: Experimental Biophysics, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: hegemape@rz.hu-berlin.de
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SubjectTerms	Animals Cell Physiological Phenomena - physiology Humans Intracellular Space - chemistry Intracellular Space - genetics Intracellular Space - metabolism Neurons - chemistry Neurons - physiology Neurosciences - methods Neurosciences - trends Optogenetics - methods Optogenetics - trends Rhodopsin - analysis Rhodopsin - genetics Second Messenger Systems - physiology
Title	Optogenetic Tools for Subcellular Applications in Neuroscience
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