Effect of Physical and Chemical Hair Removal Methods on Skin Barrier Function in vitro: Consequences for a Hydrophilic Model Permeant
Background: Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been systematically investigated. Thus, as a first step, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of hair removal through epila...
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| Published in: | Skin pharmacology and physiology Vol. 32; no. 1; pp. 8 - 21 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Basel, Switzerland
S. Karger AG
01.01.2019
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| ISSN: | 1660-5527, 1660-5535, 1660-5535 |
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| Abstract | Background: Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been systematically investigated. Thus, as a first step, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of hair removal through epilation (electric epilation, waxing) and depilation (dry and wet shaving, depilatory cream) on skin properties in vitro using the porcine ear model. Methods: Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visualization by capacitance-based contact imaging, confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), diffusion cell studies and tape stripping experiments were employed. Results: Increased TEWL and altered skin permittivity maps were observed. Decreased stratum corneum thickness was observed after waxing. Diffusion cell studies showed increased skin permeation especially in case of dry shaving, electric epilation and waxing. Conclusion: Considering CRS and diffusion cell data, a moderate if significant decrease in skin barrier function was found after hair removal by dry shaving (physical skin/material interaction) and epilation methods (plucking out the entire hair, for example, by electrical epilation and waxing). Subsequent experiments will include testing of different permeants covering a broad range of physicochemical properties in vitro and confirming our findings in vivo. |
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| AbstractList | Background: Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been systematically investigated. Thus, as a first step, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of hair removal through epilation (electric epilation, waxing) and depilation (dry and wet shaving, depilatory cream) on skin properties in vitro using the porcine ear model. Methods: Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visualization by capacitance-based contact imaging, confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), diffusion cell studies and tape stripping experiments were employed. Results: Increased TEWL and altered skin permittivity maps were observed. Decreased stratum corneum thickness was observed after waxing. Diffusion cell studies showed increased skin permeation especially in case of dry shaving, electric epilation and waxing. Conclusion: Considering CRS and diffusion cell data, a moderate if significant decrease in skin barrier function was found after hair removal by dry shaving (physical skin/material interaction) and epilation methods (plucking out the entire hair, for example, by electrical epilation and waxing). Subsequent experiments will include testing of different permeants covering a broad range of physicochemical properties in vitro and confirming our findings in vivo. Keywords: Damaged skin, Skin barrier function, Hair removal, Skin/material interaction, Shaving Background: Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been systematically investigated. Thus, as a first step, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of hair removal through epilation (electric epilation, waxing) and depilation (dry and wet shaving, depilatory cream) on skin properties in vitro using the porcine ear model. Methods: Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visualization by capacitance-based contact imaging, confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), diffusion cell studies and tape stripping experiments were employed. Results: Increased TEWL and altered skin permittivity maps were observed. Decreased stratum corneum thickness was observed after waxing. Diffusion cell studies showed increased skin permeation especially in case of dry shaving, electric epilation and waxing. Conclusion: Considering CRS and diffusion cell data, a moderate if significant decrease in skin barrier function was found after hair removal by dry shaving (physical skin/material interaction) and epilation methods (plucking out the entire hair, for example, by electrical epilation and waxing). Subsequent experiments will include testing of different permeants covering a broad range of physicochemical properties in vitro and confirming our findings in vivo. Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been systematically investigated. Thus, as a first step, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of hair removal through epilation (electric epilation, waxing) and depilation (dry and wet shaving, depilatory cream) on skin properties in vitro using the porcine ear model. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visualization by capacitance-based contact imaging, confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), diffusion cell studies and tape stripping experiments were employed. Increased TEWL and altered skin permittivity maps were observed. Decreased stratum corneum thickness was observed after waxing. Diffusion cell studies showed increased skin permeation especially in case of dry shaving, electric epilation and waxing. Considering CRS and diffusion cell data, a moderate if significant decrease in skin barrier function was found after hair removal by dry shaving (physical skin/material interaction) and epilation methods (plucking out the entire hair, for example, by electrical epilation and waxing). Subsequent experiments will include testing of different permeants covering a broad range of physicochemical properties in vitro and confirming our findings in vivo. Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been systematically investigated. Thus, as a first step, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of hair removal through epilation (electric epilation, waxing) and depilation (dry and wet shaving, depilatory cream) on skin properties in vitro using the porcine ear model.BACKGROUNDAlthough very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been systematically investigated. Thus, as a first step, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of hair removal through epilation (electric epilation, waxing) and depilation (dry and wet shaving, depilatory cream) on skin properties in vitro using the porcine ear model.Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visualization by capacitance-based contact imaging, confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), diffusion cell studies and tape stripping experiments were employed.METHODSAttenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visualization by capacitance-based contact imaging, confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), diffusion cell studies and tape stripping experiments were employed.Increased TEWL and altered skin permittivity maps were observed. Decreased stratum corneum thickness was observed after waxing. Diffusion cell studies showed increased skin permeation especially in case of dry shaving, electric epilation and waxing.RESULTSIncreased TEWL and altered skin permittivity maps were observed. Decreased stratum corneum thickness was observed after waxing. Diffusion cell studies showed increased skin permeation especially in case of dry shaving, electric epilation and waxing.Considering CRS and diffusion cell data, a moderate if significant decrease in skin barrier function was found after hair removal by dry shaving (physical skin/material interaction) and epilation methods (plucking out the entire hair, for example, by electrical epilation and waxing). Subsequent experiments will include testing of different permeants covering a broad range of physicochemical properties in vitro and confirming our findings in vivo.CONCLUSIONConsidering CRS and diffusion cell data, a moderate if significant decrease in skin barrier function was found after hair removal by dry shaving (physical skin/material interaction) and epilation methods (plucking out the entire hair, for example, by electrical epilation and waxing). Subsequent experiments will include testing of different permeants covering a broad range of physicochemical properties in vitro and confirming our findings in vivo. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Brunner, Marion Pany, Astrid Klang, Victoria Ruthofer, Johanna Schwarz, Elisabeth Valenta, Claudia |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30343288$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel. COPYRIGHT 2018 S. Karger AG |
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| Keywords | Shaving Skin barrier function Damaged skin Hair removal Skin/material interaction |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. https://www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel. |
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Hadgraft J: Skin, the final frontier. Int J Pharm 2001; 224: 1–18. Klang V, Schwarz JC, Hartl A, Valenta C: Facilitating in vitro tape stripping: application of infrared densitometry for quantification of porcine stratum corneum proteins. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24: 256–268. Chilcott RP, Dalton CH, Emmanuel AJ, Allen CE, Bradley ST: Transepidermal water loss does not correlate with skin barrier function in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118: 871–875. Hasanovic A, Winkler R, Resch GP, Valenta C: Modification of the conformational skin structure by treatment with liposomal formulations and its correlation to the penetration depth of aciclovir. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79: 76–81. |
| References_xml | – reference: Franzen L, Windbergs M, Hansen S: Assessment of near-infrared densitometry for in situ determination of the total stratum corneum thickness on pig skin: influence of storage time. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25: 249–256. – reference: Turner GA, Moore AE, Marti VP, Paterson SE, James AG: Impact of shaving and anti-perspirant use on the axillary vault. Int J Cosmet Sci 2007; 29: 31–38. – reference: Sekkat N, Kalia YN, Guy RH: Biophysical study of porcine ear skin in vitro and its comparison to human skin in vivo. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91: 2376–2381. – reference: Warner RR, Myers MC, Taylor DA: Electron probe analysis of human skin: determination of the water concentration profile. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90: 218–224. – reference: Klang V, Schwarz JC, Haberfeld S, Xiao P, Wirth M, Valenta C: Skin integrity testing and monitoring of in vitro tape stripping by capacitance-based sensor imaging. Ski Res Technol 2013; 19:e259–e272. – reference: Jacobi U, Kaiser M, Toll R, Mangelsdorf S, Audring H, Otberg N, et al: Porcine ear skin: an in vitro model for human skin. Ski Res Technol 2007; 13: 19–24. – reference: Klang V, Schwarz JC, Hartl A, Valenta C: Facilitating in vitro tape stripping: application of infrared densitometry for quantification of porcine stratum corneum proteins. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24: 256–268. – reference: Binder L, SheikhRezaei S, Baierl A, Gruber L, Wolzt M, Valenta C: Confocal Raman spectroscopy: in vivo measurement of physiological skin parameters – a pilot study. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88: 280–288. – reference: Heinrich K, Heinrich U, Tronnier H: Influence of different cosmetic formulations on the human skin barrier. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27: 141–147. – reference: Klang V, Hoppel M, Valenta C: Infrared densitometry for in vitro tape stripping: quantification of porcine corneocytes; in Humbert P, Maibach H, Fanian F, Agache P (eds): Measuring the Skin. Cham, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2015. – reference: Nagelreiter C, Mahrhauser D, Wiatschka K, Skipiol S, Valenta C: Importance of a suitable working protocol for tape stripping experiments on porcine ear skin: Influence of lipophilic formulations and strip adhesion impairment. Int J Pharm 2015; 491: 162–169. – reference: Boncheva M, Damien F, Normand V: Molecular organization of the lipid matrix in intact Stratum corneum using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1778: 1344–1355. – reference: Förster M, Bolzinger MA, Rovere MR, Damour O, Montagnac G, Briançon S: Confocal raman microspectroscopy for evaluating the stratum corneum removal by 3 standard methods. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24: 103–112. – reference: Marti VP, Lee RS, Moore AE, Paterson SE, Watkinson A, Rawlings AV: Effect of shaving on axillary stratum corneum. Int J Cosmet Sci 2003; 25: 193–198. – reference: Mahrhauser DS, Nagelreiter C, Gehrig S, Geyer A, Ogris M, Kwizda K, et al: Assessment of Raman spectroscopy as a fast and non-invasive method for total stratum corneum thickness determination of pig skin. Int J Pharm 2015; 495: 482–484. – reference: Hamza M, Tohid H, Maibach H: Shaving effects on percutaneous penetration: clinical implications. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 34: 335–343. – reference: Hadgraft J: Skin, the final frontier. Int J Pharm 2001; 224: 1–18. – reference: Kottner J, Ludriksone L, Garcia Bartels N, Blume-Peytavi U: Do repeated skin barrier measurements influence each other’s results? An explorative study. 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| Snippet | Background: Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not... Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been... |
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| SubjectTerms | Care and treatment Depilatories Hair Health aspects Infrared spectroscopy Methods Physiological aspects Raman spectroscopy Removal Research Article Skin Skin care products |
| Title | Effect of Physical and Chemical Hair Removal Methods on Skin Barrier Function in vitro: Consequences for a Hydrophilic Model Permeant |
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