A Behavior-Based Intervention That Prevents Sexual Assault: the Results of a Matched-Pairs, Cluster-Randomized Study in Nairobi, Kenya
Design The study’s design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements. Methods The participants were primary school girls aged 10–16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by...
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| Published in: | Prevention science Vol. 18; no. 7; pp. 818 - 827 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
Springer US
01.10.2017
Springer Nature B.V |
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| ISSN: | 1389-4986, 1573-6695, 1573-6695 |
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| Abstract | Design
The study’s design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements.
Methods
The participants were primary school girls aged 10–16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by instructors from the same settlements, at the same time, over six 2-h sessions. The girls’ program had components of empowerment, gender relations, and self-defense. The boys’ program promotes healthy gender norms. The control arm of the study received a health and hygiene curriculum. The primary outcome was the rate of sexual assault in the prior 12 months at the cluster level (school level). Secondary outcomes included the generalized self-efficacy scale, the distribution of number of times victims were sexually assaulted in the prior period, skills used, disclosure rates, and distribution of perpetrators. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals.
Results
Fourteen schools with 3147 girls from the intervention group and 14 schools with 2539 girls from the control group were included in the analysis. We estimate a 3.7 % decrease,
p
= 0.03 and 95 % CI = (0.4, 8.0), in risk of sexual assault in the intervention group due to the intervention (initially 7.3 % at baseline). We estimate an increase in mean generalized self-efficacy score of 0.19 (baseline average 3.1, on a 1–4 scale),
p
= 0.0004 and 95 % CI = (0.08, 0.39).
Interpretation
This innovative intervention that combined parallel training for young adolescent girls and boys in school settings showed significant reduction in the rate of sexual assault among girls in this population. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Design
The study’s design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements.
Methods
The participants were primary school girls aged 10–16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by instructors from the same settlements, at the same time, over six 2-h sessions. The girls’ program had components of empowerment, gender relations, and self-defense. The boys’ program promotes healthy gender norms. The control arm of the study received a health and hygiene curriculum. The primary outcome was the rate of sexual assault in the prior 12 months at the cluster level (school level). Secondary outcomes included the generalized self-efficacy scale, the distribution of number of times victims were sexually assaulted in the prior period, skills used, disclosure rates, and distribution of perpetrators. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals.
Results
Fourteen schools with 3147 girls from the intervention group and 14 schools with 2539 girls from the control group were included in the analysis. We estimate a 3.7 % decrease,
p
= 0.03 and 95 % CI = (0.4, 8.0), in risk of sexual assault in the intervention group due to the intervention (initially 7.3 % at baseline). We estimate an increase in mean generalized self-efficacy score of 0.19 (baseline average 3.1, on a 1–4 scale),
p
= 0.0004 and 95 % CI = (0.08, 0.39).
Interpretation
This innovative intervention that combined parallel training for young adolescent girls and boys in school settings showed significant reduction in the rate of sexual assault among girls in this population. The study’s design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements. The participants were primary school girls aged 10–16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by instructors from the same settlements, at the same time, over six 2-h sessions. The girls’ program had components of empowerment, gender relations, and self-defense. The boys’ program promotes healthy gender norms. The control arm of the study received a health and hygiene curriculum. The primary outcome was the rate of sexual assault in the prior 12 months at the cluster level (school level). Secondary outcomes included the generalized self-efficacy scale, the distribution of number of times victims were sexually assaulted in the prior period, skills used, disclosure rates, and distribution of perpetrators. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals. Fourteen schools with 3147 girls from the intervention group and 14 schools with 2539 girls from the control group were included in the analysis. We estimate a 3.7 % decrease, p = 0.03 and 95 % CI = (0.4, 8.0), in risk of sexual assault in the intervention group due to the intervention (initially 7.3 % at baseline). We estimate an increase in mean generalized self-efficacy score of 0.19 (baseline average 3.1, on a 1–4 scale), p = 0.0004 and 95 % CI = (0.08, 0.39). This innovative intervention that combined parallel training for young adolescent girls and boys in school settings showed significant reduction in the rate of sexual assault among girls in this population. The study's design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements.DESIGNThe study's design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements.The participants were primary school girls aged 10-16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by instructors from the same settlements, at the same time, over six 2-h sessions. The girls' program had components of empowerment, gender relations, and self-defense. The boys' program promotes healthy gender norms. The control arm of the study received a health and hygiene curriculum. The primary outcome was the rate of sexual assault in the prior 12 months at the cluster level (school level). Secondary outcomes included the generalized self-efficacy scale, the distribution of number of times victims were sexually assaulted in the prior period, skills used, disclosure rates, and distribution of perpetrators. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals.METHODSThe participants were primary school girls aged 10-16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by instructors from the same settlements, at the same time, over six 2-h sessions. The girls' program had components of empowerment, gender relations, and self-defense. The boys' program promotes healthy gender norms. The control arm of the study received a health and hygiene curriculum. The primary outcome was the rate of sexual assault in the prior 12 months at the cluster level (school level). Secondary outcomes included the generalized self-efficacy scale, the distribution of number of times victims were sexually assaulted in the prior period, skills used, disclosure rates, and distribution of perpetrators. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals.Fourteen schools with 3147 girls from the intervention group and 14 schools with 2539 girls from the control group were included in the analysis. We estimate a 3.7 % decrease, p = 0.03 and 95 % CI = (0.4, 8.0), in risk of sexual assault in the intervention group due to the intervention (initially 7.3 % at baseline). We estimate an increase in mean generalized self-efficacy score of 0.19 (baseline average 3.1, on a 1-4 scale), p = 0.0004 and 95 % CI = (0.08, 0.39).RESULTSFourteen schools with 3147 girls from the intervention group and 14 schools with 2539 girls from the control group were included in the analysis. We estimate a 3.7 % decrease, p = 0.03 and 95 % CI = (0.4, 8.0), in risk of sexual assault in the intervention group due to the intervention (initially 7.3 % at baseline). We estimate an increase in mean generalized self-efficacy score of 0.19 (baseline average 3.1, on a 1-4 scale), p = 0.0004 and 95 % CI = (0.08, 0.39).This innovative intervention that combined parallel training for young adolescent girls and boys in school settings showed significant reduction in the rate of sexual assault among girls in this population.INTERPRETATIONThis innovative intervention that combined parallel training for young adolescent girls and boys in school settings showed significant reduction in the rate of sexual assault among girls in this population. The study's design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements. The participants were primary school girls aged 10-16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by instructors from the same settlements, at the same time, over six 2-h sessions. The girls' program had components of empowerment, gender relations, and self-defense. The boys' program promotes healthy gender norms. The control arm of the study received a health and hygiene curriculum. The primary outcome was the rate of sexual assault in the prior 12 months at the cluster level (school level). Secondary outcomes included the generalized self-efficacy scale, the distribution of number of times victims were sexually assaulted in the prior period, skills used, disclosure rates, and distribution of perpetrators. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals. Fourteen schools with 3147 girls from the intervention group and 14 schools with 2539 girls from the control group were included in the analysis. We estimate a 3.7 % decrease, p = 0.03 and 95 % CI = (0.4, 8.0), in risk of sexual assault in the intervention group due to the intervention (initially 7.3 % at baseline). We estimate an increase in mean generalized self-efficacy score of 0.19 (baseline average 3.1, on a 1-4 scale), p = 0.0004 and 95 % CI = (0.08, 0.39). This innovative intervention that combined parallel training for young adolescent girls and boys in school settings showed significant reduction in the rate of sexual assault among girls in this population. |
| Author | Baiocchi, Michael Githua, Oscar Golden, Neville H. Omondi, Benjamin Pavia, Lee Mulinge, Munyae Sarnquist, Clea Langat, Nickson Boothroyd, Derek B. Sinclair, Jake |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya 1 Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 2 Ujamaa-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya 3 No Means No Worldwide, San Francisco, California |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya – name: 2 Ujamaa-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya – name: 1 Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California – name: 3 No Means No Worldwide, San Francisco, California |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Michael surname: Baiocchi fullname: Baiocchi, Michael email: baiocchi@stanford.edu organization: Stanford University School of Medicine – sequence: 2 givenname: Benjamin surname: Omondi fullname: Omondi, Benjamin organization: Ujamaa-Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: Nickson surname: Langat fullname: Langat, Nickson organization: Ujamaa-Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: Derek B. surname: Boothroyd fullname: Boothroyd, Derek B. organization: Stanford University School of Medicine – sequence: 5 givenname: Jake surname: Sinclair fullname: Sinclair, Jake organization: Ujamaa-Africa – sequence: 6 givenname: Lee surname: Pavia fullname: Pavia, Lee organization: No Means No Worldwide – sequence: 7 givenname: Munyae surname: Mulinge fullname: Mulinge, Munyae organization: School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University – sequence: 8 givenname: Oscar surname: Githua fullname: Githua, Oscar organization: School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University – sequence: 9 givenname: Neville H. surname: Golden fullname: Golden, Neville H. organization: Stanford University School of Medicine – sequence: 10 givenname: Clea surname: Sarnquist fullname: Sarnquist, Clea organization: Stanford University School of Medicine |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27562036$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Society for Prevention Research 2016 Prevention Science is a copyright of Springer, 2017. |
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| Keywords | School-based Adolescent Rape/prevention and control Rape/statistics and numerical data Gender-based violence Prospective study Randomized controlled trial Sub-Saharan Africa |
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| References | Michau, L., Horn, J., Bank, A., Dutt, M., & Zimmerman, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: Lessons from practice. The Lancet, 385, 1672–1684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61797-9. Keller, J., Mboya, B. O., Sinclair, J., Githua, O. W., Mulinge, M., Bergholz, L., … Kapphahn, C. (2015). A 6-week school curriculum improves boys’ attitudes and behaviors related to gender-based violence in Kenya. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260515586367 Sarnquist, C., Omondi, B., Sinclair, J., Gitau, C., Paiva, L., Mulinge, M., … Maldonado, Y. (2014). Rape prevention through empowerment of adolescent girls. Pediatrics, 133, e1226-1232. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3414 Abramsky, T., Devries, K., Kiss, L., Nakuti, J., Kyegombe, N., Starmann, E., … Watts, C. (2014). Findings from the SASA! Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Medicine, 12, 122. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0122-5 RosenstockIMStrecherVJBeckerMHSocial learning theory and the health belief modelHealth Education & Behavior19881521751831:STN:280:DyaL1c3ktlCrtQ%3D%3D Mulawa, M., Kajula, L. J., Yamanis, T. J., Balvanz, P., Kilonzo, M. N., & Maman, S., 2016. Perpetration and victimization of intimate partner violence among young men and women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of interpersonal violence, p. doi:10.1177/0886260515625910. Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., … Watts, C. H. (2013). Global health. The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340, 1527-1528. doi:10.1126/science.1240937 Jewkes, R., Gibbs, A., Jama-Shai, N., Willan, S., Misselhorn, A., Mushinga, M., … Skiweyiya, Y. (2014). Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention: shortened interrupted time series evaluation of a behavioural and structural health promotion and violence prevention intervention for young people in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa. BMC public health, 14, 1. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1325 EllsbergMArangoDJMortonMGennariFKiplesundSContrerasMWattsCPrevention of violence against women and girls: What does the evidence say?The Lancet201438599771555156610.1016/S0140-6736(14)61703-7 VuchinichSFlayBRAberLBickmanLPerson mobility in the design and analysis of cluster-randomized cohort prevention trialsPrevention Science201213330031310.1007/s11121-011-0265-y22249907 SinclairJSinclairLOtienoEMulingeMKapphahnCGoldenNA self-defense program reduces the incidence of sexual assault in Kenyan adolescent girlsJournal of Adolescent Health201353337438010.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.00823727500 BanduraASelf-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral changePsychology Review1977841912151:STN:280:DyaE2s7kvFCisQ%3D%3D10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 SarnquistCSinclairJOmondiBLangatNPaivaLHalpern-FelsherBGoldenNMaldonadoYBaiocchiMEvidence that classroom-based behavioral interventions reduce pregnancy-related school dropout among Nairobi adolescentsHealth Education & Behavior2016 EllsbergMArangoDJMortonMGennariFKiplesundSContrerasMWattsCPrevention of violence against women and girls: What does the evidence say?Lancet201425467575 Wagman, J. A., Gray, R. H., Campbell, J. C., Thoma, M., Ndyanabo, A., Ssekasanvu, J., … Brahmbhatt, H. (2015). Effectiveness of an integrated intimate partner violence and HIV prevention intervention in Rakai, Uganda: Analysis of an intervention in an existing cluster randomised cohort. The Lancet Global Health, 3(1), e23-e33. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70344-4 GregsonSZhuwauTNdlovuJNyamukapaCMethods to reduce social desirability bias in sex surveys in low-development settings: Experience in ZimbabweSexually Transmitted Diseases2002291056857510.1097/00007435-200210000-0000212370523 Schwarzer, R. (2014). Everything you wanted to know about the General Self-Efficacy Scale but were afraid to ask. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/∼health/faq_gse.pdfRetrieved from http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/faq_gse.pdf. Lundgren, R., & Amin, A. (2015). Addressing intimate partner violence and sexual violence among adolescents: Emerging evidence of effectiveness. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, S42–S50. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.012. SennCYEliasziwMBarataPCThurstonWENewby-ClarkIRRadtkeHLHobdenKLEfficacy of a sexual assault resistance program for university womenNew England Journal of Medicine201537224232623351:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFyrsbfO10.1056/NEJMsa141113126061837 Pronyk, P. M., Hargreaves, J. R., Kim, J. C., Morison, L. A., Phetla, G., Watts, C., … Porter, J. D. (2006). Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: A cluster randomised trial. The Lancet, 368, 1973-1983 Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A. F. M., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2005). 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| References_xml | – reference: SennCYEliasziwMBarataPCThurstonWENewby-ClarkIRRadtkeHLHobdenKLEfficacy of a sexual assault resistance program for university womenNew England Journal of Medicine201537224232623351:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFyrsbfO10.1056/NEJMsa141113126061837 – reference: VuchinichSFlayBRAberLBickmanLPerson mobility in the design and analysis of cluster-randomized cohort prevention trialsPrevention Science201213330031310.1007/s11121-011-0265-y22249907 – reference: Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., … Watts, C. H. (2013). Global health. The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340, 1527-1528. doi:10.1126/science.1240937 – reference: Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A. F. M., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2005). Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Summary Report of Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women’s Responses – reference: Sarnquist, C., Omondi, B., Sinclair, J., Gitau, C., Paiva, L., Mulinge, M., … Maldonado, Y. (2014). Rape prevention through empowerment of adolescent girls. Pediatrics, 133, e1226-1232. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3414 – reference: Schwarzer, R. (2014). Everything you wanted to know about the General Self-Efficacy Scale but were afraid to ask. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/∼health/faq_gse.pdfRetrieved from http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/faq_gse.pdf. – reference: BanduraASelf-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral changePsychology Review1977841912151:STN:280:DyaE2s7kvFCisQ%3D%3D10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 – reference: Michau, L., Horn, J., Bank, A., Dutt, M., & Zimmerman, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: Lessons from practice. The Lancet, 385, 1672–1684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61797-9. – reference: Mulawa, M., Kajula, L. J., Yamanis, T. J., Balvanz, P., Kilonzo, M. N., & Maman, S., 2016. Perpetration and victimization of intimate partner violence among young men and women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of interpersonal violence, p. doi:10.1177/0886260515625910. – reference: EllsbergMArangoDJMortonMGennariFKiplesundSContrerasMWattsCPrevention of violence against women and girls: What does the evidence say?The Lancet201438599771555156610.1016/S0140-6736(14)61703-7 – reference: EllsbergMArangoDJMortonMGennariFKiplesundSContrerasMWattsCPrevention of violence against women and girls: What does the evidence say?Lancet201425467575 – reference: SinclairJSinclairLOtienoEMulingeMKapphahnCGoldenNA self-defense program reduces the incidence of sexual assault in Kenyan adolescent girlsJournal of Adolescent Health201353337438010.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.00823727500 – reference: Wagman, J. A., Gray, R. H., Campbell, J. C., Thoma, M., Ndyanabo, A., Ssekasanvu, J., … Brahmbhatt, H. (2015). Effectiveness of an integrated intimate partner violence and HIV prevention intervention in Rakai, Uganda: Analysis of an intervention in an existing cluster randomised cohort. The Lancet Global Health, 3(1), e23-e33. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70344-4 – reference: Pronyk, P. M., Hargreaves, J. R., Kim, J. C., Morison, L. A., Phetla, G., Watts, C., … Porter, J. D. (2006). Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: A cluster randomised trial. The Lancet, 368, 1973-1983 – reference: SarnquistCSinclairJOmondiBLangatNPaivaLHalpern-FelsherBGoldenNMaldonadoYBaiocchiMEvidence that classroom-based behavioral interventions reduce pregnancy-related school dropout among Nairobi adolescentsHealth Education & Behavior2016 – reference: GregsonSZhuwauTNdlovuJNyamukapaCMethods to reduce social desirability bias in sex surveys in low-development settings: Experience in ZimbabweSexually Transmitted Diseases2002291056857510.1097/00007435-200210000-0000212370523 – reference: Lundgren, R., & Amin, A. (2015). Addressing intimate partner violence and sexual violence among adolescents: Emerging evidence of effectiveness. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, S42–S50. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.012. – reference: Keller, J., Mboya, B. O., Sinclair, J., Githua, O. W., Mulinge, M., Bergholz, L., … Kapphahn, C. (2015). A 6-week school curriculum improves boys’ attitudes and behaviors related to gender-based violence in Kenya. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260515586367 – reference: RosenstockIMStrecherVJBeckerMHSocial learning theory and the health belief modelHealth Education & Behavior19881521751831:STN:280:DyaL1c3ktlCrtQ%3D%3D – reference: Abramsky, T., Devries, K., Kiss, L., Nakuti, J., Kyegombe, N., Starmann, E., … Watts, C. (2014). Findings from the SASA! Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Medicine, 12, 122. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0122-5 – reference: Jewkes, R., Gibbs, A., Jama-Shai, N., Willan, S., Misselhorn, A., Mushinga, M., … Skiweyiya, Y. (2014). Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention: shortened interrupted time series evaluation of a behavioural and structural health promotion and violence prevention intervention for young people in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa. BMC public health, 14, 1. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1325 – volume: 29 start-page: 568 issue: 10 year: 2002 ident: 701_CR7 publication-title: Sexually Transmitted Diseases doi: 10.1097/00007435-200210000-00002 – volume: 84 start-page: 191 year: 1977 ident: 701_CR2 publication-title: Psychology Review doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 – ident: 701_CR8 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1325 – ident: 701_CR17 – volume: 13 start-page: 300 issue: 3 year: 2012 ident: 701_CR20 publication-title: Prevention Science doi: 10.1007/s11121-011-0265-y – ident: 701_CR15 doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3414 – ident: 701_CR6 – ident: 701_CR13 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69744-4 – ident: 701_CR11 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61797-9 – ident: 701_CR12 doi: 10.1177/0886260515625910 – ident: 701_CR9 doi: 10.1177/0886260515586367 – volume: 53 start-page: 374 issue: 3 year: 2013 ident: 701_CR19 publication-title: Journal of Adolescent Health doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.008 – year: 2014 ident: 701_CR5 publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61703-7 – ident: 701_CR1 doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0122-5 – ident: 701_CR3 doi: 10.1126/science.1240937 – volume: 15 start-page: 175 issue: 2 year: 1988 ident: 701_CR14 publication-title: Health Education & Behavior doi: 10.1177/109019818801500203 – volume: 385 start-page: 1555 issue: 9977 year: 2014 ident: 701_CR4 publication-title: The Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61703-7 – year: 2016 ident: 701_CR16 publication-title: Health Education & Behavior doi: 10.1177/1090198116657777 – volume: 372 start-page: 2326 issue: 24 year: 2015 ident: 701_CR18 publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1411131 – ident: 701_CR21 doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70344-4 – ident: 701_CR10 doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.012 |
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