Comparison of a 1-MHz and a 2-MHz probe for microembolus detection using transcranial Doppler ultrasound

Objectives: Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound emission frequencies may lead to a higher signal intensity and thus sensitivity to detect MES. We compared a 1-MHz probe with a 2-MHz...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Neurological research (New York) Vol. 27; no. 5; pp. 471 - 476
Main Authors:	Droste, Dirk W., Lerner, Thomas, Dittrich, Ralf, Ritter, Martin, Ringelstein, E. Bernd
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Taylor & Francis 01.07.2005 Maney Publishing
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Aged CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation EMBOLISM Female Humans Intracranial Embolism - diagnostic imaging Male Middle Aged Middle Cerebral Artery - diagnostic imaging Observer Variation Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Time Factors ULTRASONICS Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial - instrumentation Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial - methods
ISSN:	0161-6412, 1743-1328
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Abstract	Objectives: Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound emission frequencies may lead to a higher signal intensity and thus sensitivity to detect MES. We compared a 1-MHz probe with a 2-MHz probe regarding sensitivity in the detection of MES. Moreover, embolus detection by transcranial Doppler ultrasound is very time consuming and semi-automated detection is mandatory. Therefore, we studied an on-line algorithm using the bi-gate technique and the two transmission frequencies. Methods: After defining detection thresholds of ≥ 12 dB (1 MHz) and ≥ 10 dB (2 MHz) with eight normal subjects as MES-negative controls, taking into account natural fluctuations of the Doppler spectrum, we studied 36 patients with ischaemic events and five asymptomatic patients with incidental embolic sources. All patients subsequently underwent a 1-hour unilateral embolus detection from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), respectively, using 1 and 2 MHz for 30 minutes each in a randomized order. The software algorithm was compared with a blinded off-line analysis by an experienced observer as a gold standard. Results: The investigator detected 198 MES (range 0-41 MES) in the recordings of 29 patients out of the 41 patients using the 1-MHz probe and 101 MES (range 0-32 MES) in the recordings of 14 patients using the 2-MHz probe (p=0.0007). Sensitivity of the software to detect MES confirmed by the investigator was 31% using 1 MHz and 41% using 2 MHz. The positive predictive value was 6 and 30%, respectively. Discussion: The sensitivity and positive predictive values of the automated algorithm to detect MES were unacceptably low for clinical practice with both frequencies. The use of 1 MHz instead of 2 MHz may, however, be useful when evaluating the recordings off-line by an experienced blinded observer.
AbstractList	Objectives: Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound emission frequencies may lead to a higher signal intensity and thus sensitivity to detect MES. We compared a 1-MHz probe with a 2-MHz probe regarding sensitivity in the detection of MES. Moreover, embolus detection by transcranial Doppler ultrasound is very time consuming and semi-automated detection is mandatory. Therefore, we studied an on-line algorithm using the bi-gate technique and the two transmission frequencies. Methods: After defining detection thresholds of 12 dB (1 MHz) and 10 dB (2 MHz) with eight normal subjects as MES- negative controls, taking into account natural fluctuations of the Doppler spectrum, we studied 36 patients with ischaemic events and five asymptomatic patients with incidental embolic sources. All patients subsequently underwent a 1-hour unilateral embolus detection from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), respectively, using 1 and 2 MHz for 30 minutes each in a randomized order. The software algorithm was compared with a blinded off-line analysis by an experienced observer as a gold standard. Results: The investigator detected 198 MES (range 0-41 MES) in the recordings of 29 patients out of the 41 patients using the 1-MHz probe and 101 MES (range 0-32 MES) in the recordings of 14 patients using the 2-MHz probe (p=0.0007). Sensitivity of the software to detect MES confirmed by the investigator was 31% using 1 MHz and 41% using 2 MHz. The positive predictive value was 6 and 30%, respectively. Discussion: The sensitivity and positive predictive values of the automated algorithm to detect MES were unacceptably low for clinical practice with both frequencies. The use of 1 MHz instead of 2 MHz may, however, be useful when evaluating the recordings off-line by an experienced blinded observer. Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound emission frequencies may lead to a higher signal intensity and thus sensitivity to detect MES. We compared a 1-MHz probe with a 2-MHz probe regarding sensitivity in the detection of MES. Moreover, embolus detection by transcranial Doppler ultrasound is very time consuming and semi-automated detection is mandatory. Therefore, we studied an on-line algorithm using the bi-gate technique and the two transmission frequencies. After defining detection thresholds of > or = 12 dB (1 MHz) and > or = 10 dB (2 MHz) with eight normal subjects as MES-negative controls, taking into account natural fluctuations of the Doppler spectrum, we studied 36 patients with ischaemic events and five asymptomatic patients with incidental embolic sources. All patients subsequently underwent a 1-hour unilateral embolus detection from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), respectively, using 1 and 2 MHz for 30 minutes each in a randomized order. The software algorithm was compared with a blinded off-line analysis by an experienced observer as a gold standard. The investigator detected 198 MES (range 0-41 MES) in the recordings of 29 patients out of the 41 patients using the 1-MHz probe and 101 MES (range 0-32 MES) in the recordings of 14 patients using the 2-MHz probe (p = 0.0007). Sensitivity of the software to detect MES confirmed by the investigator was 31% using 1 MHz and 41% using 2 MHz. The positive predictive value was 6 and 30%, respectively. The sensitivity and positive predictive values of the automated algorithm to detect MES were unacceptably low for clinical practice with both frequencies. The use of 1 MHz instead of 2 MHz may, however, be useful when evaluating the recordings off-line by an experienced blinded observer. Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound emission frequencies may lead to a higher signal intensity and thus sensitivity to detect MES. We compared a 1-MHz probe with a 2-MHz probe regarding sensitivity in the detection of MES. Moreover, embolus detection by transcranial Doppler ultrasound is very time consuming and semi-automated detection is mandatory. Therefore, we studied an on-line algorithm using the bi-gate technique and the two transmission frequencies.OBJECTIVESClinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound emission frequencies may lead to a higher signal intensity and thus sensitivity to detect MES. We compared a 1-MHz probe with a 2-MHz probe regarding sensitivity in the detection of MES. Moreover, embolus detection by transcranial Doppler ultrasound is very time consuming and semi-automated detection is mandatory. Therefore, we studied an on-line algorithm using the bi-gate technique and the two transmission frequencies.After defining detection thresholds of > or = 12 dB (1 MHz) and > or = 10 dB (2 MHz) with eight normal subjects as MES-negative controls, taking into account natural fluctuations of the Doppler spectrum, we studied 36 patients with ischaemic events and five asymptomatic patients with incidental embolic sources. All patients subsequently underwent a 1-hour unilateral embolus detection from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), respectively, using 1 and 2 MHz for 30 minutes each in a randomized order. The software algorithm was compared with a blinded off-line analysis by an experienced observer as a gold standard.METHODSAfter defining detection thresholds of > or = 12 dB (1 MHz) and > or = 10 dB (2 MHz) with eight normal subjects as MES-negative controls, taking into account natural fluctuations of the Doppler spectrum, we studied 36 patients with ischaemic events and five asymptomatic patients with incidental embolic sources. All patients subsequently underwent a 1-hour unilateral embolus detection from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), respectively, using 1 and 2 MHz for 30 minutes each in a randomized order. The software algorithm was compared with a blinded off-line analysis by an experienced observer as a gold standard.The investigator detected 198 MES (range 0-41 MES) in the recordings of 29 patients out of the 41 patients using the 1-MHz probe and 101 MES (range 0-32 MES) in the recordings of 14 patients using the 2-MHz probe (p = 0.0007). Sensitivity of the software to detect MES confirmed by the investigator was 31% using 1 MHz and 41% using 2 MHz. The positive predictive value was 6 and 30%, respectively.RESULTSThe investigator detected 198 MES (range 0-41 MES) in the recordings of 29 patients out of the 41 patients using the 1-MHz probe and 101 MES (range 0-32 MES) in the recordings of 14 patients using the 2-MHz probe (p = 0.0007). Sensitivity of the software to detect MES confirmed by the investigator was 31% using 1 MHz and 41% using 2 MHz. The positive predictive value was 6 and 30%, respectively.The sensitivity and positive predictive values of the automated algorithm to detect MES were unacceptably low for clinical practice with both frequencies. The use of 1 MHz instead of 2 MHz may, however, be useful when evaluating the recordings off-line by an experienced blinded observer.DISCUSSIONThe sensitivity and positive predictive values of the automated algorithm to detect MES were unacceptably low for clinical practice with both frequencies. The use of 1 MHz instead of 2 MHz may, however, be useful when evaluating the recordings off-line by an experienced blinded observer. Objectives: Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound emission frequencies may lead to a higher signal intensity and thus sensitivity to detect MES. We compared a 1-MHz probe with a 2-MHz probe regarding sensitivity in the detection of MES. Moreover, embolus detection by transcranial Doppler ultrasound is very time consuming and semi-automated detection is mandatory. Therefore, we studied an on-line algorithm using the bi-gate technique and the two transmission frequencies. Methods: After defining detection thresholds of ≥ 12 dB (1 MHz) and ≥ 10 dB (2 MHz) with eight normal subjects as MES-negative controls, taking into account natural fluctuations of the Doppler spectrum, we studied 36 patients with ischaemic events and five asymptomatic patients with incidental embolic sources. All patients subsequently underwent a 1-hour unilateral embolus detection from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), respectively, using 1 and 2 MHz for 30 minutes each in a randomized order. The software algorithm was compared with a blinded off-line analysis by an experienced observer as a gold standard. Results: The investigator detected 198 MES (range 0-41 MES) in the recordings of 29 patients out of the 41 patients using the 1-MHz probe and 101 MES (range 0-32 MES) in the recordings of 14 patients using the 2-MHz probe (p=0.0007). Sensitivity of the software to detect MES confirmed by the investigator was 31% using 1 MHz and 41% using 2 MHz. The positive predictive value was 6 and 30%, respectively. Discussion: The sensitivity and positive predictive values of the automated algorithm to detect MES were unacceptably low for clinical practice with both frequencies. The use of 1 MHz instead of 2 MHz may, however, be useful when evaluating the recordings off-line by an experienced blinded observer. OBJECTIVES: Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound emission frequencies may lead to a higher signal intensity and thus sensitivity to detect MES. We compared a 1-MHz probe with a 2-MHz probe regarding sensitivity in the detection of MES. Moreover, embolus detection by transcranial Doppler ultrasound is very time consuming and semi-automated detection is mandatory. Therefore, we studied an on-line algorithm using the bi-gate technique and the two transmission frequencies. METHODS: After defining detection thresholds of > or = 12 dB (1 MHz) and > or = 10 dB (2 MHz) with eight normal subjects as MES-negative controls, taking into account natural fluctuations of the Doppler spectrum, we studied 36 patients with ischaemic events and five asymptomatic patients with incidental embolic sources. All patients subsequently underwent a 1-hour unilateral embolus detection from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), respectively, using 1 and 2 MHz for 30 minutes each in a randomized order. The software algorithm was compared with a blinded off-line analysis by an experienced observer as a gold standard. RESULTS: The investigator detected 198 MES (range 0-41 MES) in the recordings of 29 patients out of the 41 patients using the 1-MHz probe and 101 MES (range 0-32 MES) in the recordings of 14 patients using the 2-MHz probe (p = 0.0007). Sensitivity of the software to detect MES confirmed by the investigator was 31% using 1 MHz and 41% using 2 MHz. The positive predictive value was 6 and 30%, respectively. DISCUSSION: The sensitivity and positive predictive values of the automated algorithm to detect MES were unacceptably low for clinical practice with both frequencies. The use of 1 MHz instead of 2 MHz may, however, be useful when evaluating the recordings off-line by an experienced blinded observer.
Author	Droste, Dirk W. Ritter, Martin Lerner, Thomas Dittrich, Ralf Ringelstein, E. Bernd
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Dirk W. surname: Droste fullname: Droste, Dirk W. organization: Department of NeurologyUniversity of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Thomas surname: Lerner fullname: Lerner, Thomas organization: Department of NeurologyUniversity of Münster, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Ralf surname: Dittrich fullname: Dittrich, Ralf organization: Department of NeurologyUniversity of Münster, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Martin surname: Ritter fullname: Ritter, Martin organization: Department of NeurologyUniversity of Münster, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: E. Bernd surname: Ringelstein fullname: Ringelstein, E. Bernd organization: Department of NeurologyUniversity of Münster, Germany
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15978172$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNqFkc1rFTEUxYNU7Gt17U6CC3dj8zFJXtzJU1uh4kbBXcinpmSSMZlB6l9vnq9FeKASSC7J71xyzzkDJ7lkD8BTjF5iLOQFwhzzESP2BTMu2QOwwWKkA6ZkewI2-9ehP5NTcNbaDUJYkq18BE4xk2KLBdmAb7syzbrGVjIsAWqIhw9XP6HOrtfkdz3XYjwMpcIp2lr8ZEpaG3R-8XaJXbe2mL_CpercbN-iTvBNmefkK1xTv25lze4xeBh0av7J3XkOPr97-2l3NVx_vHy_e3092BGNy6CZpNJQEhzRzjDOiLGMBEP46IOUjltuBQuSUm-2xI44EMMkcYFSJjQR9By8OPTt3_6--raoKTbrU9LZl7UpLqTAffr_ggT1RdnYwedH4E1Za-5DKIIRFwzhfbdnd9BqJu_UXOOk6626d7oDFwegW9ha9eEPgtQ-S3WUZVewI4WNi9473j2N6R-6VwddzD20Sf8oNTm16NtUauj52NgU_Zv4F8eEssM
CODEN	NEORAM
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ultrasmedbio_2024_02_017 crossref_primary_10_1161_STROKEAHA_107_501593 crossref_primary_10_1111_jon_12680 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_wfumbo_2023_100030
Cites_doi	10.1161/01.STR.30.1.66 10.1161/01.STR.29.3.725 10.1016/S0301-5629(01)00369-6 10.1161/01.STR.31.6.1335 10.1016/S0929-8266(98)00010-X 10.1161/01.STR.27.9.1548 10.1161/01.STR.28.7.1307 10.1161/01.STR.21.3.415 10.1016/S0301-5629(99)00029-0 10.1016/S0929-8266(99)00021-X 10.1080/01616412.1998.11740506 10.1161/01.STR.26.6.1123 10.1016/S0301-5629(97)00231-7 10.1161/01.STR.28.3.588 10.1161/01.STR.28.4.692
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2005 Maney Publishing 2005 Copyright Maney Publishing Jul 2005
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2005 Maney Publishing 2005 – notice: Copyright Maney Publishing Jul 2005
DBID	AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM K9. 7QO 7TK 8FD FR3 P64 7X8
DOI	10.1179/016164105X15695
DatabaseName	CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Biotechnology Research Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Technology Research Database Engineering Research Database Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Engineering Research Database Biotechnology Research Abstracts Technology Research Database Neurosciences Abstracts Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	Engineering Research Database MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Medicine
EISSN	1743-1328
EndPage	476
ExternalDocumentID	879519371 15978172 10_1179_016164105X15695 11667758
Genre	Research Article Journal Article Comparative Study
GroupedDBID	--- .GJ 002 123 1~B 29N 36B 4.4 53G 5RE AAFWK AAGDL AAGKR AALUX AAMIU AAPUL AAQRR ABBKH ABEIZ ABEJY ABLIJ ABLJU ABUPF ABWVI ABXYU ACENM ACGFO ACGOD ACIEZ ACUYY ADCVX ADSTP AECIN AENEX AFRVT AGDLA AGFJD AGRBW AGYJP AHMBA AIJEM AIRBT AKBVH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALQZU ALYBC AMDAE ARJSQ BALJE BEYMU BLEHA BOHLJ BSQBA CCCUG CS3 CXMEQ DU5 E01 EBS EJD EMB EMOBN F5P H13 HCLVR HZ~ KYCEM L7B M4Z MV1 P2P P76 P7A P7B PQQKQ RIG RNANH RVRKI SV3 TASJS TBQAZ TERGH TFL TFW TUROJ TWFNG UEQFS ZGI AAOTW AAYXX ABKIK ACGWS ACSXF ADXRV AEQML AXVGA CITATION HMXZC IPNFZ LJTGL M46 ZXP ADYSH AMPGV CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM K9. 7QO 7TK 8FD FR3 P64 7X8
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-a5939b32fd2adb5652bc52fb264ef99d6c6c75f933eb82c41f2b592df3357a273
IEDL.DBID	TFW
ISICitedReferencesCount	5
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000230744100003&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0161-6412
IngestDate	Thu Sep 04 18:50:58 EDT 2025 Tue Oct 07 09:40:31 EDT 2025 Thu Oct 02 22:12:57 EDT 2025 Thu May 22 04:21:14 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 05:18:47 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:06:20 EST 2025 Mon Oct 20 23:33:20 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	5
Language	English
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c404t-a5939b32fd2adb5652bc52fb264ef99d6c6c75f933eb82c41f2b592df3357a273
Notes	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-General Information-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Feature-3 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Feature-1
PMID	15978172
PQID	210675018
PQPubID	5836
PageCount	6
ParticipantIDs	proquest_journals_210675018 crossref_primary_10_1179_016164105X15695 informaworld_taylorfrancis_310_1179_016164105X15695 pubmed_primary_15978172 crossref_citationtrail_10_1179_016164105X15695 proquest_miscellaneous_67971978 proquest_miscellaneous_20202354
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	7/1/2005 2005-07-00 2005-Jul 20050701
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2005-07-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 07 year: 2005 text: 7/1/2005 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2000
PublicationPlace	England
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: England – name: Guildford
PublicationTitle	Neurological research (New York)
PublicationTitleAlternate	Neurol Res
PublicationYear	2005
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Maney Publishing
Publisher_xml	– name: Taylor & Francis – name: Maney Publishing
References	CIT0010 CIT0012 CIT0011 CIT0003 CIT0014 CIT0002 CIT0013 CIT0005 CIT0016 CIT0015 CIT0007 CIT0006 Georgiadis D (CIT0004) 1998; 20 CIT0009 CIT0008
References_xml	– ident: CIT0014 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.30.1.66 – ident: CIT0011 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.29.3.725 – ident: CIT0003 doi: 10.1016/S0301-5629(01)00369-6 – ident: CIT0006 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.31.6.1335 – ident: CIT0013 doi: 10.1016/S0929-8266(98)00010-X – ident: CIT0010 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.27.9.1548 – ident: CIT0009 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.28.7.1307 – ident: CIT0002 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.21.3.415 – ident: CIT0008 doi: 10.1016/S0301-5629(99)00029-0 – ident: CIT0007 doi: 10.1016/S0929-8266(99)00021-X – volume: 20 start-page: 198 year: 1998 ident: CIT0004 publication-title: Neurol Res doi: 10.1080/01616412.1998.11740506 – ident: CIT0016 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.26.6.1123 – ident: CIT0005 doi: 10.1016/S0301-5629(97)00231-7 – ident: CIT0012 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.28.3.588 – ident: CIT0015 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.28.4.692
SSID	ssj0019289
Score	1.7275729
Snippet	Objectives: Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower... Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower ultrasound... OBJECTIVES: Clinically silent microembolic signals (MES) can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). There is theoretical evidence that lower...
SourceID	proquest pubmed crossref informaworld
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher
StartPage	471
SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Aged CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation EMBOLISM Female Humans Intracranial Embolism - diagnostic imaging Male Middle Aged Middle Cerebral Artery - diagnostic imaging Observer Variation Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Time Factors ULTRASONICS Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial - instrumentation Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial - methods
Title	Comparison of a 1-MHz and a 2-MHz probe for microembolus detection using transcranial Doppler ultrasound
URI	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/016164105X15695 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15978172 https://www.proquest.com/docview/210675018 https://www.proquest.com/docview/20202354 https://www.proquest.com/docview/67971978
Volume	27
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000230744100003&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVAWR databaseName: Taylor & Francis Online Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1743-1328 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0019289 issn: 0161-6412 databaseCode: TFW dateStart: 19790101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.tandfonline.com providerName: Taylor & Francis
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Nb9QwEB2VCiEu5RuWQvGBAxdD1o7tWJxQYdVLKw5F7C3yJyC1WbSb7YFfz4yTXShiL3CJrGScOLYnfo7H7wG8tFknq3PkTkTF0RMb7upYcacrnxFBV9MmF7EJc3bWzOf24x683eyFobBKmkPngSiifKvJuZ0fFUiMfUMoRVN44hwnH5Y2mOOgT055Pvu8XUGwosjfkS1HYzHS-vwl_7UR6Rpf6W7UWUaf2Z3_KvddOBhBJ3s39JJ7sJe6-3DrdFxWfwBfj7dqhGyRmWNTfnryg-GDMC1KmoRnEsNCs0sK4UuXHvvsisXUl1iujlEA_RfW09AX8IDdmr1fIMRNS7a-wNMr0m96CJ9mH86PT_gowcBDXdU9d8pK66XIUbjoEfwJH5TIHmFUytZGHXQwKlspk29EqKdZeGVFzFIq4xAaPYL9btGlJ8Dw2-KyxvkZArLa1ckJqVWeRueldyGnCbzeNEMbRn5yksm4aMs8xdj2j_qbwKtthu8DNcduU_l7u7Z9-RuSB-mSVu7Mdbhp_nb07FUriHOPWBAn8GJ7FV2S1llclxZrNKlIk17Vuy20sVgPBu_xeOhVv15AEQmZEU__qcSHcLtQy5Zw4mew3y_X6TncDFf9t9XyCG6YeXNU3OQnsHUOdA
linkProvider	Taylor & Francis
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Lj9MwEB4tCwIuvB9lgfWBAxdDasdOLXFBC1UR24pDEb1FfgLSboralAO_nhknLSyiF7hEVjJOHNsTf7Yn3wfwzCQdjU6BWxEUR08ccVuGgltduIQIuhiOUhabqGaz0WJhPhzAq-2_MBRWSXPo1BFF5G81OTctRnceXpmXBFM0xScucPZh1CW4rHCUJeb8-fjTbg_BiCyAR8YcrUVP7POXG1wYky4wlu7HnXn8Gd_8v5Lfghs97mSvu45yGw5icweuTvud9bvw5WQnSMiWiVk25NPJD4ZPwrTIadKeiQxLzc4pii-eO-y2axZim8O5GkYx9J9ZS6OfxwP2bPZmiSg3rtjmDE-vScLpHnwcv52fTHivwsB9WZQtt1i3xkmRgrDBIf4TziuRHCKpmIwJ2mtfqWSkjG4kfDlMwikjQpJSVRbR0X04bJZNfAgMPy82aZyiISYrbRmtkFqlYbBOOutTHMCLbTvUvqcoJ6WMszpPVSpT_1F_A3i-y_CtY-fYbyp_b9i6zQsiqVMvqeXeXEfb9q97517Xgmj3iAhxAMe7q-iVtNVim7jcoElBsvSq3G-hK4P1UOE9HnTd6tcLKOIhq8SjfyrxMVybzKen9em72fsjuJ6ZZnN08WM4bFeb-ASu-O_t1_XqafaWn2FyEbY
linkToPdf	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Nb9QwEB2VgioulK_CUqA-cOBiyNqxsxYn1LIqgq56KGJvkT-hUputdrMc-PXMONmlRewFLlGUjBMnnrGf48l7AK9M0tHoFLgVQXGMxBG3ZSi41YVLiKCL4ShlsYlqMhlNp-Z0C96t_oWhtEqaQ6eOKCL31RTcVyF1AV6Zt4RSNKUnTnHyYdQtuI2gWZN7n42_rpcQjMj6d2TM0Vr0vD5_ucCNIekGYelm2JmHn_Huf1X8PtzrUSd737nJA9iKzUPYOenX1R_B98O1HCGbJWbZkJ8c_2R4I9wXeZ-UZyLDSrNLyuGLlw6ddsFCbHMyV8Mog_4ba2ns87hBv2ZHM8S4cc6WF3h4QQJOj-HL-MPZ4THvNRi4L4uy5VYZaZwUKQgbHKI_4bwSySGOismYoL32lUpGyuhGwpfDJJwyIiQpVWURG-3BdjNr4lNg2LnYpHGChoistGW0QmqVhsE66axPcQBvVs1Q-56gnHQyLuo8UalM_cf7G8DrdYGrjptjs6m83q51mz-HpE67pJYbS-2vmr_uQ3tRCyLdIxrEARysz2JM0kKLbeJsiSYFidKrcrOFrgy-hwqv8aTzqt8PoIiFrBLP_qnGB7BzejSuP3-cfNqHu5lmNqcWP4ftdr6ML-CO_9GeL-Yvc6z8AhtzEGg
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+a+1-MHz+and+a+2-MHz+probe+for+microembolus+detection+using+transcranial+Doppler+ultrasound&rft.jtitle=Neurological+research+%28New+York%29&rft.au=Droste%2C+Dirk+W&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Dittrich%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Ritter%2C+Martin&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft.pub=Maney+Publishing&rft.issn=0161-6412&rft.eissn=1743-1328&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=471&rft_id=info:doi/10.1179%2F016164105X15695&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT&rft.externalDocID=879519371
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0161-6412&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0161-6412&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0161-6412&client=summon