National Security and Human Rights: Balance, Legal Mechanisms, and International Standards

The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between ensuring national security and respecting human rights amid contemporary multidimensional threats. It substantiates the need to achieve a legitimate balance between protecting state interests and guaranteeing fundamental rights...

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Published in:Науковий вісник Ужгородського національного університету. Серія Право Vol. 5; no. 91; pp. 211 - 217
Main Authors: Pohoretskyi, M. M., Angelutsa, N. P.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: 22.11.2025
ISSN:2307-3322, 2664-6153
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Abstract The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between ensuring national security and respecting human rights amid contemporary multidimensional threats. It substantiates the need to achieve a legitimate balance between protecting state interests and guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms through the principles of the rule of law, legality, necessity, and proportionality. The security agenda is shown to encompass military aggression, hybrid influence, cyberattacks, disinformation, corruption, and institutional weakness, which together shape a complex risk profile for the state. The effectiveness of the state’s response is determined by the quality of legal mechanisms: clear procedures for data access and communications oversight, procedural safeguards, independent judicial review, parliamentary oversight, and institutional transparency. A classification of threats and crimes against the foundations of national security by the object of encroachment is proposed (sovereignty and the constitutional order; defense capability and critical infrastructure; information and economic security), enabling targeted preventive tools and risk-management policy adjustments. A comparative analysis of democratic practices confirms that an optimal model is based on clear boundaries for interference in the private sphere, multi-level oversight, and legal remedies for individuals whose rights may be restricted. It is emphasized that any restrictions must be necessary, time-limited, and proportionate to a legitimate aim; their introduction should rely on risk assessment and sufficient reasoning. The practical value lies in formulating criteria for the legitimacy of security decisions, a model of interaction between the state and civil society, and recommendations for harmonizing national legislation with international standards. The article concludes that the resilience of a democratic system is ensured not by prioritizing security over rights, but by building a legal architecture in which security guarantees the realization of rights and freedoms and strengthens institutional trust.
AbstractList The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between ensuring national security and respecting human rights amid contemporary multidimensional threats. It substantiates the need to achieve a legitimate balance between protecting state interests and guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms through the principles of the rule of law, legality, necessity, and proportionality. The security agenda is shown to encompass military aggression, hybrid influence, cyberattacks, disinformation, corruption, and institutional weakness, which together shape a complex risk profile for the state. The effectiveness of the state’s response is determined by the quality of legal mechanisms: clear procedures for data access and communications oversight, procedural safeguards, independent judicial review, parliamentary oversight, and institutional transparency. A classification of threats and crimes against the foundations of national security by the object of encroachment is proposed (sovereignty and the constitutional order; defense capability and critical infrastructure; information and economic security), enabling targeted preventive tools and risk-management policy adjustments. A comparative analysis of democratic practices confirms that an optimal model is based on clear boundaries for interference in the private sphere, multi-level oversight, and legal remedies for individuals whose rights may be restricted. It is emphasized that any restrictions must be necessary, time-limited, and proportionate to a legitimate aim; their introduction should rely on risk assessment and sufficient reasoning. The practical value lies in formulating criteria for the legitimacy of security decisions, a model of interaction between the state and civil society, and recommendations for harmonizing national legislation with international standards. The article concludes that the resilience of a democratic system is ensured not by prioritizing security over rights, but by building a legal architecture in which security guarantees the realization of rights and freedoms and strengthens institutional trust.
Author Pohoretskyi, M. M.
Angelutsa, N. P.
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