Transmission electron microscopic observation of body cuticle structures of phoretic and parasitic stages of Parasitaphelenchinae nematodes

Using transmission electron microscopy, we examined the body cuticle ultrastructures of phoretic and parasitic stages of the parasitaphelenchid nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, B. conicaudatus, B. luxuriosae, B. rainulfi; an unidentified Bursaphelenchus species, and an unidentified Parasitaphel...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one Vol. 12; no. 6; p. e0179465
Main Authors: Ekino, Taisuke, Yoshiga, Toyoshi, Takeuchi-Kaneko, Yuko, Kanzaki, Natsumi
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 16.06.2017
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:
Adults
Agriculture
Animal Structures - metabolism
Animal Structures - ultrastructure
Animals
Apomorphy
Bark
Beetles
Biology and Life Sciences
Body wall
Bursaphelenchus
Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus
Bursaphelenchus luxuriosae
Bursaphelenchus rainulfi
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Carriers
Coleoptera - parasitology
Computer and Information Sciences
Cuticle
Cuticles
Ecology
Electron microscopy
Elytra
Epicuticle
Evolution
Evolutionary biology
Forest products
Forestry
Gene sequencing
Hemocoel
Insects
Life history
Medicine and Health Sciences
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Nematoda - genetics
Nematoda - metabolism
Nematoda - ultrastructure
Nematodes
Parasitaphelenchinae
Parasites
Parasitism
Phylogeny
Physiological aspects
Proteins
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
RNA, Helminth - genetics
RNA, Helminth - metabolism
RNA, Ribosomal - genetics
RNA, Ribosomal - metabolism
Roundworms
rRNA
Striations
Transmission electron microscopy
Japan
ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Using transmission electron microscopy, we examined the body cuticle ultrastructures of phoretic and parasitic stages of the parasitaphelenchid nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, B. conicaudatus, B. luxuriosae, B. rainulfi; an unidentified Bursaphelenchus species, and an unidentified Parasitaphelenchus species. Nematode body cuticles usually consist of three zones, a cortical zone, a median zone, and a basal zone. The phoretic stages of Bursaphelenchus spp., isolated from the tracheal systems of longhorn beetles or the elytra of bark beetles, have a thick and radially striated basal zone. In contrast, the parasitic stage of Parasitaphelenchus sp., isolated from bark beetle hemocoel, has no radial striations in the basal zone. This difference probably reflects the peculiar ecological characteristics of the phoretic stage. A well-developed basal radially striated zone, composed of very closely linked proteins, is the zone closest to the body wall muscle. Therefore, the striation is necessary for the phoretic species to be able to seek, enter, and depart from host/carrier insects, but is not essential for internal parasites in parasitaphelenchid nematodes. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from near-full-length small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences suggest that the cuticle structures of parasitic species have apomorphic characters, e.g., lack of striation in the basal zone, concurrent with the evolution of insect parasitism from a phoretic life history.
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Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Conceptualization: TE TY YT NK.Data curation: TE NK.Formal analysis: TE NK.Funding acquisition: YT NK.Investigation: TE NK.Methodology: TE TY NK.Project administration: TY NK.Resources: TY YT NK.Supervision: NK.Validation: TE NK.Visualization: TE NK.Writing – original draft: TE NK.Writing – review & editing: TE TY YT NK.
Current address: Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Fushimi, Kyoto, Japan
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0179465