Association between population distribution and urban GDP scaling
Urban scaling and Zipf’s law are two fundamental paradigms for the science of cities. These laws have mostly been investigated independently and are often perceived as disassociated matters. Here we present a large scale investigation about the connection between these two laws using population and...
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| Vydáno v: | PloS one Ročník 16; číslo 1; s. e0245771 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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United States
Public Library of Science
22.01.2021
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
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| Abstract | Urban scaling and Zipf’s law are two fundamental paradigms for the science of cities. These laws have mostly been investigated independently and are often perceived as disassociated matters. Here we present a large scale investigation about the connection between these two laws using population and GDP data from almost five thousand consistently-defined cities in 96 countries. We empirically demonstrate that both laws are tied to each other and derive an expression relating the urban scaling and Zipf exponents. This expression captures the average tendency of the empirical relation between both exponents, and simulations yield very similar results to the real data after accounting for random variations. We find that while the vast majority of countries exhibit increasing returns to scale of urban GDP, this effect is less pronounced in countries with fewer small cities and more metropolises (small Zipf exponent) than in countries with a more uneven number of small and large cities (large Zipf exponent). Our research puts forward the idea that urban scaling does not solely emerge from intra-city processes, as population distribution and scaling of urban GDP are correlated to each other. |
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| AbstractList | Urban scaling and Zipf's law are two fundamental paradigms for the science of cities. These laws have mostly been investigated independently and are often perceived as disassociated matters. Here we present a large scale investigation about the connection between these two laws using population and GDP data from almost five thousand consistently-defined cities in 96 countries. We empirically demonstrate that both laws are tied to each other and derive an expression relating the urban scaling and Zipf exponents. This expression captures the average tendency of the empirical relation between both exponents, and simulations yield very similar results to the real data after accounting for random variations. We find that while the vast majority of countries exhibit increasing returns to scale of urban GDP, this effect is less pronounced in countries with fewer small cities and more metropolises (small Zipf exponent) than in countries with a more uneven number of small and large cities (large Zipf exponent). Our research puts forward the idea that urban scaling does not solely emerge from intra-city processes, as population distribution and scaling of urban GDP are correlated to each other.Urban scaling and Zipf's law are two fundamental paradigms for the science of cities. These laws have mostly been investigated independently and are often perceived as disassociated matters. Here we present a large scale investigation about the connection between these two laws using population and GDP data from almost five thousand consistently-defined cities in 96 countries. We empirically demonstrate that both laws are tied to each other and derive an expression relating the urban scaling and Zipf exponents. This expression captures the average tendency of the empirical relation between both exponents, and simulations yield very similar results to the real data after accounting for random variations. We find that while the vast majority of countries exhibit increasing returns to scale of urban GDP, this effect is less pronounced in countries with fewer small cities and more metropolises (small Zipf exponent) than in countries with a more uneven number of small and large cities (large Zipf exponent). Our research puts forward the idea that urban scaling does not solely emerge from intra-city processes, as population distribution and scaling of urban GDP are correlated to each other. Urban scaling and Zipf’s law are two fundamental paradigms for the science of cities. These laws have mostly been investigated independently and are often perceived as disassociated matters. Here we present a large scale investigation about the connection between these two laws using population and GDP data from almost five thousand consistently-defined cities in 96 countries. We empirically demonstrate that both laws are tied to each other and derive an expression relating the urban scaling and Zipf exponents. This expression captures the average tendency of the empirical relation between both exponents, and simulations yield very similar results to the real data after accounting for random variations. We find that while the vast majority of countries exhibit increasing returns to scale of urban GDP, this effect is less pronounced in countries with fewer small cities and more metropolises (small Zipf exponent) than in countries with a more uneven number of small and large cities (large Zipf exponent). Our research puts forward the idea that urban scaling does not solely emerge from intra-city processes, as population distribution and scaling of urban GDP are correlated to each other. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Moreno-Monroy, Ana I. Oehlers, Milena Rybski, Diego Ribeiro, Haroldo V. Kropp, Jürgen P. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research – PIK, Member of Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany 3 OECD, Paris, France 4 Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Chatham St, Liverpool, United Kingdom 6 Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America 1 Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil 5 Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany China University of Geosciences, CHINA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 OECD, Paris, France – name: 6 Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America – name: 1 Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil – name: 5 Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany – name: 4 Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Chatham St, Liverpool, United Kingdom – name: China University of Geosciences, CHINA – name: 2 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research – PIK, Member of Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Haroldo V. orcidid: 0000-0002-9532-5195 surname: Ribeiro fullname: Ribeiro, Haroldo V. – sequence: 2 givenname: Milena surname: Oehlers fullname: Oehlers, Milena – sequence: 3 givenname: Ana I. surname: Moreno-Monroy fullname: Moreno-Monroy, Ana I. – sequence: 4 givenname: Jürgen P. surname: Kropp fullname: Kropp, Jürgen P. – sequence: 5 givenname: Diego surname: Rybski fullname: Rybski, Diego |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33481927$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science 2021 Ribeiro et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 Ribeiro et al 2021 Ribeiro et al |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: Haroldo Ribeiro is an Academic Editor for PLOS ONE and Diego Rybski is a guest editor for the PLOS ONE call for papers on Cities as Complex Systems does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. |
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| Title | Association between population distribution and urban GDP scaling |
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