COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance: Correlates in a nationally representative longitudinal survey of the Australian population
High levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. The World Health Organisation has suggested that governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy 'hotspots'...
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| Published in: | PloS one Vol. 16; no. 3; p. e0248892 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
United States
Public Library of Science
24.03.2021
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | High levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. The World Health Organisation has suggested that governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy 'hotspots' based on social and behavioural insights.
Representative longitudinal online survey of over 3000 adults from Australia that examines the demographic, attitudinal, political and social attitudes and COVID-19 health behavior correlates of vaccine hesitance and resistance to a COVID-19 vaccine.
Overall, 59% would definitely get the vaccine, 29% had low levels of hesitancy, 7% had high levels of hesitancy and 6% were resistant. Females, those living in disadvantaged areas, those who reported that risks of COVID-19 was overstated, those who had more populist views and higher levels of religiosity were more likely to be hesitant or resistant while those who had higher levels of household income, those who had higher levels of social distancing, who downloaded the COVID-Safe App, who had more confidence in their state or territory government or confidence in their hospitals, or were more supportive of migration were more likely to intend to get vaccinated.
Our findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy, which accounts for a significant proportion of the population can be addressed by public health messaging but for a significant minority of the population with strongly held beliefs, alternative policy measures may well be needed to achieve sufficient vaccination coverage to end the pandemic. |
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| AbstractList | High levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. The World Health Organisation has suggested that governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy 'hotspots' based on social and behavioural insights.BACKGROUNDHigh levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. The World Health Organisation has suggested that governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy 'hotspots' based on social and behavioural insights.Representative longitudinal online survey of over 3000 adults from Australia that examines the demographic, attitudinal, political and social attitudes and COVID-19 health behavior correlates of vaccine hesitance and resistance to a COVID-19 vaccine.METHODSRepresentative longitudinal online survey of over 3000 adults from Australia that examines the demographic, attitudinal, political and social attitudes and COVID-19 health behavior correlates of vaccine hesitance and resistance to a COVID-19 vaccine.Overall, 59% would definitely get the vaccine, 29% had low levels of hesitancy, 7% had high levels of hesitancy and 6% were resistant. Females, those living in disadvantaged areas, those who reported that risks of COVID-19 was overstated, those who had more populist views and higher levels of religiosity were more likely to be hesitant or resistant while those who had higher levels of household income, those who had higher levels of social distancing, who downloaded the COVID-Safe App, who had more confidence in their state or territory government or confidence in their hospitals, or were more supportive of migration were more likely to intend to get vaccinated.RESULTSOverall, 59% would definitely get the vaccine, 29% had low levels of hesitancy, 7% had high levels of hesitancy and 6% were resistant. Females, those living in disadvantaged areas, those who reported that risks of COVID-19 was overstated, those who had more populist views and higher levels of religiosity were more likely to be hesitant or resistant while those who had higher levels of household income, those who had higher levels of social distancing, who downloaded the COVID-Safe App, who had more confidence in their state or territory government or confidence in their hospitals, or were more supportive of migration were more likely to intend to get vaccinated.Our findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy, which accounts for a significant proportion of the population can be addressed by public health messaging but for a significant minority of the population with strongly held beliefs, alternative policy measures may well be needed to achieve sufficient vaccination coverage to end the pandemic.CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy, which accounts for a significant proportion of the population can be addressed by public health messaging but for a significant minority of the population with strongly held beliefs, alternative policy measures may well be needed to achieve sufficient vaccination coverage to end the pandemic. Background High levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. The World Health Organisation has suggested that governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy 'hotspots' based on social and behavioural insights. Methods Representative longitudinal online survey of over 3000 adults from Australia that examines the demographic, attitudinal, political and social attitudes and COVID-19 health behavior correlates of vaccine hesitance and resistance to a COVID-19 vaccine. Results Overall, 59% would definitely get the vaccine, 29% had low levels of hesitancy, 7% had high levels of hesitancy and 6% were resistant. Females, those living in disadvantaged areas, those who reported that risks of COVID-19 was overstated, those who had more populist views and higher levels of religiosity were more likely to be hesitant or resistant while those who had higher levels of household income, those who had higher levels of social distancing, who downloaded the COVID-Safe App, who had more confidence in their state or territory government or confidence in their hospitals, or were more supportive of migration were more likely to intend to get vaccinated. Conclusions Our findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy, which accounts for a significant proportion of the population can be addressed by public health messaging but for a significant minority of the population with strongly held beliefs, alternative policy measures may well be needed to achieve sufficient vaccination coverage to end the pandemic. High levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. The World Health Organisation has suggested that governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy 'hotspots' based on social and behavioural insights. Representative longitudinal online survey of over 3000 adults from Australia that examines the demographic, attitudinal, political and social attitudes and COVID-19 health behavior correlates of vaccine hesitance and resistance to a COVID-19 vaccine. Overall, 59% would definitely get the vaccine, 29% had low levels of hesitancy, 7% had high levels of hesitancy and 6% were resistant. Females, those living in disadvantaged areas, those who reported that risks of COVID-19 was overstated, those who had more populist views and higher levels of religiosity were more likely to be hesitant or resistant while those who had higher levels of household income, those who had higher levels of social distancing, who downloaded the COVID-Safe App, who had more confidence in their state or territory government or confidence in their hospitals, or were more supportive of migration were more likely to intend to get vaccinated. Our findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy, which accounts for a significant proportion of the population can be addressed by public health messaging but for a significant minority of the population with strongly held beliefs, alternative policy measures may well be needed to achieve sufficient vaccination coverage to end the pandemic. BackgroundHigh levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. The World Health Organisation has suggested that governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy 'hotspots' based on social and behavioural insights.MethodsRepresentative longitudinal online survey of over 3000 adults from Australia that examines the demographic, attitudinal, political and social attitudes and COVID-19 health behavior correlates of vaccine hesitance and resistance to a COVID-19 vaccine.ResultsOverall, 59% would definitely get the vaccine, 29% had low levels of hesitancy, 7% had high levels of hesitancy and 6% were resistant. Females, those living in disadvantaged areas, those who reported that risks of COVID-19 was overstated, those who had more populist views and higher levels of religiosity were more likely to be hesitant or resistant while those who had higher levels of household income, those who had higher levels of social distancing, who downloaded the COVID-Safe App, who had more confidence in their state or territory government or confidence in their hospitals, or were more supportive of migration were more likely to intend to get vaccinated.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy, which accounts for a significant proportion of the population can be addressed by public health messaging but for a significant minority of the population with strongly held beliefs, alternative policy measures may well be needed to achieve sufficient vaccination coverage to end the pandemic. High levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. The World Health Organisation has suggested that governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy 'hotspots' based on social and behavioural insights. Representative longitudinal online survey of over 3000 adults from Australia that examines the demographic, attitudinal, political and social attitudes and COVID-19 health behavior correlates of vaccine hesitance and resistance to a COVID-19 vaccine. Overall, 59% would definitely get the vaccine, 29% had low levels of hesitancy, 7% had high levels of hesitancy and 6% were resistant. Females, those living in disadvantaged areas, those who reported that risks of COVID-19 was overstated, those who had more populist views and higher levels of religiosity were more likely to be hesitant or resistant while those who had higher levels of household income, those who had higher levels of social distancing, who downloaded the COVID-Safe App, who had more confidence in their state or territory government or confidence in their hospitals, or were more supportive of migration were more likely to intend to get vaccinated. Our findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy, which accounts for a significant proportion of the population can be addressed by public health messaging but for a significant minority of the population with strongly held beliefs, alternative policy measures may well be needed to achieve sufficient vaccination coverage to end the pandemic. About the Authors: Ben Edwards Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft * E-mail: ben.edwards@anu.edu.au Affiliation: ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Melbourne, Australia ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5054 Nicholas Biddle Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing Affiliation: ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Melbourne, Australia Matthew Gray Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing Affiliation: ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Melbourne, Australia Kate Sollis Roles Writing – review & editing Affiliation: ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Melbourne, Australia ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0636-8805 Abstract Background High levels of vaccination coverage in populations will be required even with vaccines that have high levels of effectiveness to prevent and stop outbreaks of coronavirus. Conclusions Our findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy, which accounts for a significant proportion of the population can be addressed by public health messaging but for a significant minority of the population with strongly held beliefs, alternative policy measures may well be needed to achieve sufficient vaccination coverage to end the pandemic. The World Health Organisation’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) have suggested governments take a proactive response to vaccine hesitancy ‘hotspots’ based on social and behavioural insights [11]. [...]nationally representative information is important for an agile response to COVID-19 vaccination. Given the Australian government has indicated that the COVID-19 vaccine would be provided free to the population, consistent with previous research on vaccine hesitancy [7, 13] we hypothesise that confidence in government and science, attitudes towards COVID-19 and adherence with public health messages, conservative and authoritarian political attitudes will be more important than demographic characteristics [7, 8, 13]. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Edwards, Ben Sollis, Kate Gray, Matthew Biddle, Nicholas |
| AuthorAffiliation | National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, ITALY ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Melbourne, Australia |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Melbourne, Australia – name: National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, ITALY |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ben orcidid: 0000-0001-6041-5054 surname: Edwards fullname: Edwards, Ben – sequence: 2 givenname: Nicholas surname: Biddle fullname: Biddle, Nicholas – sequence: 3 givenname: Matthew surname: Gray fullname: Gray, Matthew – sequence: 4 givenname: Kate orcidid: 0000-0002-0636-8805 surname: Sollis fullname: Sollis, Kate |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33760836$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science 2021 Edwards et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 Edwards et al 2021 Edwards et al |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science – notice: 2021 Edwards et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2021 Edwards et al 2021 Edwards et al |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0248892 |
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| References_xml | – volume: 102 start-page: 172 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: pone.0248892.ref016 article-title: Psychosocial and demographic characteristics relating to vaccine attitudes in Australia publication-title: Patient education and counselling doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.08.027 – year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref010 article-title: Willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia. publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis – volume: 59 start-page: 493 issue: 4 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref004 article-title: Vaccine efficacy needed for a COVID-19 Coronavirus vaccine to prevent or stop an epidemic as the sole intervention. publication-title: American Journal of Preventive Medicine doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.011 – volume: 26 start-page: 1470 issue: 7 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref003 article-title: High contagiousness and rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 publication-title: Emerging Infectious Diseases doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200282 – year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref008 article-title: COVID-19 vaccination intention in the UK: Results from the ‘COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptability Study’ (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. publication-title: Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics – ident: pone.0248892.ref014 – ident: pone.0248892.ref009 – volume: 15 start-page: 918 issue: 4 year: 2019 ident: pone.0248892.ref019 article-title: Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards compulsory vaccination: a systematic review. publication-title: Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics doi: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1564437 – volume: 34 start-page: 4155 issue: 33 year: 2015 ident: pone.0248892.ref011 article-title: Vaccine special issue on vaccine hesitancy publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.034 – volume: 62 start-page: 101118 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref017 article-title: The efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination in older people: An umbrella review of evidence from meta-analyses of both observational and randomized controlled studies. publication-title: Ageing Res Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101118 – volume: 4 start-page: 677 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref018 article-title: Ten considerations for effectively managing the COVID-19 transition. publication-title: Nature Human Behaviour doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-0906-x – year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref015 article-title: Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, Blavatnik School of Government – volume: 35 start-page: 7 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref013 article-title: Hesitancy Towards a COVID-19 Vaccine and Prospects for Herd Immunity publication-title: Covid Economics – volume: 12 start-page: 29 year: 2021 ident: pone.0248892.ref007 article-title: Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom. publication-title: Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20226-9 – year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref021 article-title: Public attitudes on vaccine distribution publication-title: Centre for Social Research and Methods (ANU) – volume: 14 start-page: 100 issue: 1 year: 2015 ident: pone.0248892.ref012 article-title: Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications. publication-title: Expert Reviews Vaccines doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.964212 – volume: 383 start-page: 1296 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref020 article-title: Ensuring uptake of vaccines against SARSCoV-2 publication-title: N Engl J Med doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2020926 – volume: 21 start-page: 977 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref005 article-title: Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 publication-title: The European Journal of Health Economics doi: 10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6 – ident: pone.0248892.ref001 article-title: Basic reproduction rate and case fatality rate of COVID-19: Application of meta-analysis. publication-title: medRxiv – volume: 38 start-page: 6500 issue: 42 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref006 article-title: Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated? publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.043 – volume: 52 start-page: 737 year: 2020 ident: pone.0248892.ref002 article-title: Herd immunity: understanding COVID-19 publication-title: Immunity doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012 |
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| Title | COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance: Correlates in a nationally representative longitudinal survey of the Australian population |
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