Direct estimates of cause-specific mortality fractions and rates of under-five deaths in the northern and southern regions of Nigeria by verbal autopsy interview

Nigeria's under-five mortality rate is the eighth highest in the world. Identifying the causes of under-five deaths is crucial to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 by 2030 and improving child survival. National and international bodies collaborated in this study to provide the first ever...

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Published in:PloS one Vol. 12; no. 5; p. e0178129
Main Authors: Adewemimo, Adeyinka, Kalter, Henry D., Perin, Jamie, Koffi, Alain K., Quinley, John, Black, Robert E.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 31.05.2017
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:
Age
Algorithms
Analysis
Asphyxia
Autopsies
Autopsy
Biology and Life Sciences
Biometrics
Births
Caregivers
Cause of Death
Child
Child death
Child Mortality
Child, Preschool
Children
Children & youth
Demographics
Diarrhea
Disease
Epidemiology
Estimates
Fatalities
Female
Health aspects
Households
Humans
Hypothesis testing
Illnesses
Infant
Infant mortality
Infant, Newborn
Interviews
Malaria
Male
Medicine and Health Sciences
Meningitis
Mortality
Neonates
Newborn babies
Nigeria - epidemiology
Pediatrics
People and Places
Planning
Pneumonia
Public health
Registration
Sepsis
Studies
Surveys
Sustainable development
Vector-borne diseases
Nigeria
Pakistan
United States > US
India
ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Nigeria's under-five mortality rate is the eighth highest in the world. Identifying the causes of under-five deaths is crucial to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 by 2030 and improving child survival. National and international bodies collaborated in this study to provide the first ever direct estimates of the causes of under-five mortality in Nigeria. Verbal autopsy interviews were conducted of a representative sample of 986 neonatal and 2,268 1-59 month old deaths from 2008 to 2013 identified by the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Cause of death was assigned by physician coding and computerized expert algorithms arranged in a hierarchy. National and regional estimates of age distributions, mortality rates and cause proportions, and zonal- and age-specific mortality fractions and rates for leading causes of death were evaluated. More under-fives and 1-59 month olds in the South, respectively, died as neonates (N = 24.1%, S = 32.5%, p<0.001) and at younger ages (p<0.001) than in the North. The leading causes of neonatal and 1-59 month mortality, respectively, were sepsis, birth injury/asphyxia and neonatal pneumonia, and malaria, diarrhea and pneumonia. The preterm delivery (N = 1.2%, S = 3.7%, p = 0.042), pneumonia (N = 15.0%, S = 21.6%, p = 0.004) and malaria (N = 34.7%, S = 42.2%, p = 0.009) fractions were higher in the South, with pneumonia and malaria focused in the South East and South South; while the diarrhea fraction was elevated in the North (N = 24.8%, S = 13.2%, p<0.001). However, the diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria mortality rates were all higher in the North, respectively, by 222.9% (Z = -10.9, p = 0.000), 27.6% (Z = -2.3, p = 0.020) and 50.6% (Z = -5.7, p = 0.000), with the greatest excesses in older children. The findings support that there is an epidemiological transition ongoing in southern Nigeria, suggest the way forward to a similar transition in the North, and can help guide maternal, neonatal and child health programming and their regional and zonal foci within the country.
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Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Conceptualization: REB HDK AA.Data curation: HDK AKK JP.Formal analysis: HDK JP.Funding acquisition: REB.Investigation: HDK AKK AA.Methodology: HDK AA JP JQ REB.Project administration: HDK.Resources: HDK AKK AA.Software: HDK JP.Supervision: REB.Validation: HDK JP.Visualization: HDK JP.Writing – original draft: AA HDK.Writing – review & editing: HDK AA JP AKK REB JQ.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0178129