The impact of cold on the respiratory tract and its consequences to respiratory health

The increasing use, and sometimes the abuse, particularly in industrialized countries of air conditioning at home, in car, hotel and shopping centres has highlighted new emerging public health issues, resulting from exposure of the airways to cool air or, more properly, resulting from sudden tempera...

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Vydané v:	Clinical and translational allergy Ročník 8; číslo 1; s. 20 - n/a
Hlavní autori:	D’Amato, Maria, Molino, Antonio, Calabrese, Giovanna, Cecchi, Lorenzo, Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, D’Amato, Gennaro
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	London BioMed Central 30.05.2018 BioMed Central Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc Wiley
Predmet:	Air conditioning Air conditioning and asthma and COPD Air pollution Air quality Airway hyperreactivity in asthma and COPD Allergology Asthma Bronchial asthma Climate change Cold Cold induced respiratory diseases Cooling Global warming Global warming and health Hay fever Health aspects Immunology Indoor air quality Inflammation Medicine Medicine & Public Health Outdoor air quality Patients Pneumology/Respiratory System Public health Respiratory diseases Respiratory system Review Rhinitis Shopping centers Smooth muscle Temperature Weather China Cold induced respiratory diseases Climate change Bronchial asthma Airway hyperreactivity in asthma and COPD Air conditioning and asthma and COPD Global warming and health
ISSN:	2045-7022, 2045-7022
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Popis
Shrnutí:	The increasing use, and sometimes the abuse, particularly in industrialized countries of air conditioning at home, in car, hotel and shopping centres has highlighted new emerging public health issues, resulting from exposure of the airways to cool air or, more properly, resulting from sudden temperature changes. This is part of a wider problem, relating to air quality in indoor environment, such as homes or offices, where people spend more than 90% of their time. In particular, if indoor exposure occurs quickly and without any gradual adaptation to a temperature 2°–3° lower than the external temperature and especially with a 5° difference (avoiding indoor temperature below 24°) and an humidity between 40 and 60%, there is a risk of negative consequences on the respiratory tract and the patient risks to be in a clinical condition characterized by an exacerbation of the respiratory symptoms of his chronic respiratory disease (asthma and COPD) within a few hours or days. Surprisingly, these effects of cold climate remain out of the focus of the media unless spells of unusually cold weather sweep through a local area or unstable weather conditions associated with extremely cold periods of increasing frequency and duration. Moreover, the energy consumed by air conditioning induces an increase of CO 2 in atmosphere with increase of global warming. There is a need to better define the consequences of repeated exposure to cold air and the mechanisms by which such exposure could modify airway function and affect the outcomes of patients with pre-existing airway disease. This could help to promote adequate policy and public health actions to face the incoming challenges induced by climate change and global warming.
Bibliografia:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	2045-7022 2045-7022
DOI:	10.1186/s13601-018-0208-9