Childhood gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, and depressive symptoms across adolescence and early adulthood: an 11-year longitudinal study

Childhood gender nonconformity has been associated with increased risk of caregiver abuse and bullying victimization outside the home, but it is unknown whether as a consequence children who are nonconforming are at higher risk of depressive symptoms. Using data from a large national cohort (N = 10,...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Jg. 52; H. 2; S. 143
Hauptverfasser: Roberts, Andrea L, Rosario, Margaret, Slopen, Natalie, Calzo, Jerel P, Austin, S Bryn
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: United States 01.02.2013
Schlagworte:
Adolescent
Adult
Adult Survivors of Child Abuse - psychology
Bullying - psychology
Child
Child Abuse - psychology
Child Abuse - statistics & numerical data
Crime Victims - psychology
Crime Victims - statistics & numerical data
Depression - diagnosis
Depression - epidemiology
Depression - etiology
Female
Gender Identity
Heterosexuality - psychology
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Prevalence
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
Sexual Behavior - psychology
United States
United States
ISSN:1527-5418, 1527-5418
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Zusammenfassung:Childhood gender nonconformity has been associated with increased risk of caregiver abuse and bullying victimization outside the home, but it is unknown whether as a consequence children who are nonconforming are at higher risk of depressive symptoms. Using data from a large national cohort (N = 10,655), we examined differences in depressive symptoms from ages 12 through 30 years by gender nonconformity before age 11 years. We examined the prevalence of bullying victimization by gender nonconformity, then ascertained whether increased exposure to abuse and bullying accounted for possible increased risk of depressive symptoms. We further compared results stratified by sexual orientation. Participants in the top decile of childhood gender nonconformity were at elevated risk of depressive symptoms at ages 12 through 30 years (for females, 0.19 standard deviations more depressive symptoms than conforming females; for males, 0.34 standard deviations more symptoms than conforming males). By ages 23 to 30 years, 26% of participants in the top decile of childhood nonconformity had probable mild or moderate depression versus 18% of participants who were conforming (p<.001). Abuse and bullying victimization accounted for approximately half the increased prevalence of depressive symptoms in youth who were nonconforming versus conforming. Gender-nonconforming heterosexuals and males were at particularly elevated risk for depressive symptoms. Gender nonconformity was a strong predictor of depressive symptoms beginning in adolescence, particularly among males and heterosexuals. Physical and emotional bullying and abuse, both inside and outside the home, accounted for much of this increased risk.
Bibliographie:ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ISSN:1527-5418
1527-5418
DOI:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.006