Biodiversity mediates top–down control in eelgrass ecosystems: a global comparative‐experimental approach
Nutrient pollution and reduced grazing each can stimulate algal blooms as shown by numerous experiments. But because experiments rarely incorporate natural variation in environmental factors and biodiversity, conditions determining the relative strength of bottom–up and top–down forcing remain unres...
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| Published in: | Ecology letters Vol. 18; no. 7; pp. 696 - 705 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
England
Blackwell Science
01.07.2015
Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 1461-023X, 1461-0248, 1461-0248 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Nutrient pollution and reduced grazing each can stimulate algal blooms as shown by numerous experiments. But because experiments rarely incorporate natural variation in environmental factors and biodiversity, conditions determining the relative strength of bottom–up and top–down forcing remain unresolved. We factorially added nutrients and reduced grazing at 15 sites across the range of the marine foundation species eelgrass (Zostera marina) to quantify how top–down and bottom–up control interact with natural gradients in biodiversity and environmental forcing. Experiments confirmed modest top–down control of algae, whereas fertilisation had no general effect. Unexpectedly, grazer and algal biomass were better predicted by cross‐site variation in grazer and eelgrass diversity than by global environmental gradients. Moreover, these large‐scale patterns corresponded strikingly with prior small‐scale experiments. Our results link global and local evidence that biodiversity and top–down control strongly influence functioning of threatened seagrass ecosystems, and suggest that biodiversity is comparably important to global change stressors. |
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| AbstractList | Nutrient pollution and reduced grazing each can stimulate algal blooms as shown by numerous experiments. But because experiments rarely incorporate natural variation in environmental factors and biodiversity, conditions determining the relative strength of bottom–up and top–down forcing remain unresolved. We factorially added nutrients and reduced grazing at 15 sites across the range of the marine foundation species eelgrass (
Zostera marina
) to quantify how top–down and bottom–up control interact with natural gradients in biodiversity and environmental forcing. Experiments confirmed modest top–down control of algae, whereas fertilisation had no general effect. Unexpectedly, grazer and algal biomass were better predicted by cross‐site variation in grazer and eelgrass diversity than by global environmental gradients. Moreover, these large‐scale patterns corresponded strikingly with prior small‐scale experiments. Our results link global and local evidence that biodiversity and top–down control strongly influence functioning of threatened seagrass ecosystems, and suggest that biodiversity is comparably important to global change stressors. Nutrient pollution and reduced grazing each can stimulate algal blooms as shown by numerous experiments. But because experiments rarely incorporate natural variation in environmental factors and biodiversity, conditions determining the relative strength of bottom-up and top-down forcing remain unresolved. We factorially added nutrients and reduced grazing at 15 sites across the range of the marine foundation species eelgrass (Zostera marina) to quantify how top-down and bottom-up control interact with natural gradients in biodiversity and environmental forcing. Experiments confirmed modest top-down control of algae, whereas fertilisation had no general effect. Unexpectedly, grazer and algal biomass were better predicted by cross-site variation in grazer and eelgrass diversity than by global environmental gradients. Moreover, these large-scale patterns corresponded strikingly with prior small-scale experiments. Our results link global and local evidence that biodiversity and top-down control strongly influence functioning of threatened seagrass ecosystems, and suggest that biodiversity is comparably important to global change stressors. |
| Author | Engelen, Aschwin H Duffy, J. Emmett Reynolds, Pamela L Hoarau, Galice Thormar, Jonas Richardson, J. Paul Lefcheck, Jonathan S Nakaoka, Masahiro Douglass, James G Fredriksen, Stein Coyer, James A O'Connor, Mary I Gamfeldt, Lars Iken, Katrin Cusson, Mathieu Hori, Masakazu Hovel, Kevin Ruesink, Jennifer L Sotka, Erik E Whalen, Matthew A Worm, Boris Moksnes, Per‐Olav Boström, Christoffer Eriksson, Britas Klemens Eklöf, Johan S Olsen, Jeanine L Donadi, Serena Gustafsson, Camilla Stachowicz, John J |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Duffy, J. Emmett – sequence: 2 fullname: Reynolds, Pamela L – sequence: 3 fullname: Boström, Christoffer – sequence: 4 fullname: Coyer, James A – sequence: 5 fullname: Cusson, Mathieu – sequence: 6 fullname: Donadi, Serena – sequence: 7 fullname: Douglass, James G – sequence: 8 fullname: Eklöf, Johan S – sequence: 9 fullname: Engelen, Aschwin H – sequence: 10 fullname: Eriksson, Britas Klemens – sequence: 11 fullname: Fredriksen, Stein – sequence: 12 fullname: Gamfeldt, Lars – sequence: 13 fullname: Gustafsson, Camilla – sequence: 14 fullname: Hoarau, Galice – sequence: 15 fullname: Hori, Masakazu – sequence: 16 fullname: Hovel, Kevin – sequence: 17 fullname: Iken, Katrin – sequence: 18 fullname: Lefcheck, Jonathan S – sequence: 19 fullname: Moksnes, Per‐Olav – sequence: 20 fullname: Nakaoka, Masahiro – sequence: 21 fullname: O'Connor, Mary I – sequence: 22 fullname: Olsen, Jeanine L – sequence: 23 fullname: Richardson, J. Paul – sequence: 24 fullname: Ruesink, Jennifer L – sequence: 25 fullname: Sotka, Erik E – sequence: 26 fullname: Thormar, Jonas – sequence: 27 fullname: Whalen, Matthew A – sequence: 28 fullname: Stachowicz, John J – sequence: 29 fullname: Worm, Boris |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25983129$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119137$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Stockholms universitet) https://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/219675$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Göteborgs universitet) |
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| Copyright | 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS |
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| Keywords | coordinated experiments structural equation modelling top-down control food webs Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning metabolic ecology bottom-up control |
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| Publisher | Blackwell Science Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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| References | Paquette, A. & Messier, C. (2010). The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity: from temperate to boreal forests. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 20, 170-180. Baden, S., Boström, C., Tobiasson, S., Arponen, H. & Moksnes, P.-O. (2010). Relative importance of trophic interactions and nutrient enrichment in seagrass ecosystems: a broad-scale field experiment in the Baltic-Skagerrak area. Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 1435. Duffy, J.E., Richardson, J.P. & Canuel, E.A. (2003). Grazer diversity effects on ecosystem functioning in seagrass beds. Ecol. Lett., 6, 637-645. Arnaud-Haond, S. & Khalid, B. (2007). GENCLONE: a computer program to analyse genotypic data, test for clonality and describe spatial clonal organization. Mol. Ecol. Notes, 7, 15-17. Grace, J.B. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling and Natural Systems. Cambridge University Press, 1-378. Tomas, F., Abbott, J.M., Balk, M., Steinberg, C., Williams, S.L. & Stachowicz, J.J. (2011). 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(e_1_2_7_21_1) 2002 e_1_2_7_50_1 e_1_2_7_25_1 e_1_2_7_31_1 e_1_2_7_52_1 e_1_2_7_23_1 e_1_2_7_33_1 e_1_2_7_35_1 e_1_2_7_37_1 e_1_2_7_39_1 Hunter M.D. (e_1_2_7_26_1) 1992; 73 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_40_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_42_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_44_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_46_1 e_1_2_7_48_1 e_1_2_7_29_1 e_1_2_7_51_1 e_1_2_7_30_1 e_1_2_7_24_1 e_1_2_7_32_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_34_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 e_1_2_7_36_1 e_1_2_7_38_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Chao, A. & Jost, L. (2012). Coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation: standardizing samples by completeness rather than size. Ecology, 93, 2533-2547. – reference: Duffy, J.E., Richardson, J.P. & Canuel, E.A. (2003). Grazer diversity effects on ecosystem functioning in seagrass beds. Ecol. Lett., 6, 637-645. – reference: Burkholder, J., Tomasko, D. & Touchette, B. (2007). Seagrasses and eutrophication. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 350, 46-72. – reference: Polis, G. & Strong, D. (1996). Food Web Complexity and Community Dynamics. Am. Nat., 147, 813-846. – reference: O'Connor, M.I. (2009). Warming strengthens an herbivore-plant interaction. Ecology, 90, 388-398. – reference: Maestre, F.T., Quero, J.L., Gotelli, N.J., Escudero, A., Ochoa, V., Delgado-Baquerizo, M. et al. (2012). Plant Species Richness and Ecosystem Multifunctionality in Global Drylands. Science, 335, 214-218. – reference: Spivak, A.C., Canuel, E.A., Duffy, J.E. & Richardson, J.P. (2009). Nutrient enrichment and food web composition affect ecosystem metabolism in an experimental seagrass habitat. PLoS ONE, 4, e7473. – reference: Reusch, T.B.H., Ehlers, A., Hämmerli, A. & Worm, B. (2005). Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 2826-2831. – reference: Hughes, A.R. & Stachowicz, J.J. (2004). Genetic diversity enhances the resistance of a seagrass ecosystem to disturbance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 8998-9002. – reference: Tomas, F., Abbott, J.M., Balk, M., Steinberg, C., Williams, S.L. & Stachowicz, J.J. (2011). Plant genotype and nitrogen loading influence seagrass productivity, biochemistry, and plant-herbivore interactions. Ecology, 92, 1807-1817. – reference: Srivastava, D.S. & Vellend, M. (2005). Biodiversity-ecosystem function research: is it relevant to conservation? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. 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| SubjectTerms | Algae algae control Algal blooms Animals Biodiversity Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning Biomass bottom-up control COMMUNITY coordinated experiments Crustacea DIVERSITY Ecosystems Environmental factors Environmental gradient Environmental Sciences EUTROPHICATION Experiments Food Chain food webs FUNCTIONAL-ROLE Gastropoda Genotype global change Grazing Herbivory metabolic ecology Microalgae MICROSATELLITE LOCI Miljövetenskap Models, Biological NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT Nutrient pollution Nutrients pollution Pollution control Population Dynamics POPULATIONS SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEM seagrasses structural equation modelling top-down control TROPHIC INTERACTIONS ZOSTERA-MARINA Zosteraceae - genetics Zosteraceae - physiology |
| Title | Biodiversity mediates top–down control in eelgrass ecosystems: a global comparative‐experimental approach |
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