Postepidemic Analysis of Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission in Northeastern Kenya: A Village Cohort Study
In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval sero...
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| Vydáno v: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Ročník 5; číslo 8; s. e1265 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
01.08.2011
Public Library of Science |
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| ISSN: | 1935-2735, 1935-2727, 1935-2735 |
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| Abstract | In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval seroconversion, and to monitor individuals previously exposed to RVFV in order to document the persistence of their anti-RVFV antibodies.
We conducted a village cohort study in Ijara District, Northeastern Province, Kenya. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval anti-RVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Overall, 44/194 or 23% (CI(95%):17%-29%) of local residents were RVFV seropositive. 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had seroconverted since early 2006. 27/92 (29%, CI(95%): 20%-39%) of newly tested individuals were seropositive. All 13 individuals with positive titers (by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT₈₀) in 2006 remained positive in 2009. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤ 20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group (P<0.0001).
Our results highlight significant variability in RVFV exposure in two neighboring villages having very similar climate, terrain, and insect density. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at > 1∶40 for more than 3 years. In concordance with previous studies, residents of the more rural village were more likely to be seropositive and RVFV seropositivity was associated with poor visual acuity. Raw milk consumption was strongly associated with RVFV exposure, which may represent an important new focus for public health education during future RVF outbreaks. |
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| AbstractList | In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval seroconversion, and to monitor individuals previously exposed to RVFV in order to document the persistence of their anti-RVFV antibodies.
We conducted a village cohort study in Ijara District, Northeastern Province, Kenya. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval anti-RVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Overall, 44/194 or 23% (CI(95%):17%-29%) of local residents were RVFV seropositive. 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had seroconverted since early 2006. 27/92 (29%, CI(95%): 20%-39%) of newly tested individuals were seropositive. All 13 individuals with positive titers (by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT₈₀) in 2006 remained positive in 2009. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤ 20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group (P<0.0001).
Our results highlight significant variability in RVFV exposure in two neighboring villages having very similar climate, terrain, and insect density. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at > 1∶40 for more than 3 years. In concordance with previous studies, residents of the more rural village were more likely to be seropositive and RVFV seropositivity was associated with poor visual acuity. Raw milk consumption was strongly associated with RVFV exposure, which may represent an important new focus for public health education during future RVF outbreaks. RVFV infection causes significant disease in both human and animal populations, resulting in significant agricultural, economic and public health consequences. We conducted a cohort study on residents of a high-risk area to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence, to identify risk factors, and to estimate the durability of prior RVFV immunity. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006–2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval anti-RVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Seroprevalence in the region was high (23%). 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had seroconverted since early 2006. 29% of newly tested individuals were seropositive. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at protective levels (>1∶40) for more than 3 years. This study highlights the high seroprevalence among Northeastern Kenyans and the ongoing surge in seroprevalence with each RVF outbreak. Background: In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval seroconversion, and to monitor individuals previously exposed to RVFV in order to document the persistence of their anti-RVFV antibodies. Methodology/Findings: We conducted a village cohort study in Ijara District, Northeastern Province, Kenya. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval antiRVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Overall, 44/194 or 23% ([CI.sub.95%]:17%-29%) of local residents were RVFV seropositive. 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had sero- converted since early 2006. 27/92 (29%, [CI.sub.95%]: 20%-39%) of newly tested individuals were seropositive. All 13 individuals with positive titers (by plaque reduction neutralization testing ([PRNT.sub.80])) in 2006 remained positive in 2009. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤ 20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Our results highlight significant variability in RVFV exposure in two neighboring villages having very similar climate, terrain, and insect density. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at > 1:40 for more than 3 years. In concordance with previous studies, residents of the more rural village were more likely to be seropositive and RVFV seropositivity was associated with poor visual acuity. Raw milk consumption was strongly associated with RVFV exposure, which may represent an important new focus for public health education during future RVF outbreaks. Background In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval seroconversion, and to monitor individuals previously exposed to RVFV in order to document the persistence of their anti-RVFV antibodies. Methodology/Findings We conducted a village cohort study in Ijara District, Northeastern Province, Kenya. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval anti-RVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Overall, 44/194 or 23% (CI95%:17%-29%) of local residents were RVFV seropositive. 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had seroconverted since early 2006. 27/92 (29%, CI95%: 20%-39%) of newly tested individuals were seropositive. All 13 individuals with positive titers (by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT80)) in 2006 remained positive in 2009. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group (P<0.0001). Conclusions Our results highlight significant variability in RVFV exposure in two neighboring villages having very similar climate, terrain, and insect density. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at >1:40 for more than 3 years. In concordance with previous studies, residents of the more rural village were more likely to be seropositive and RVFV seropositivity was associated with poor visual acuity. Raw milk consumption was strongly associated with RVFV exposure, which may represent an important new focus for public health education during future RVF outbreaks. Background In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval seroconversion, and to monitor individuals previously exposed to RVFV in order to document the persistence of their anti-RVFV antibodies. Methodology/Findings We conducted a village cohort study in Ijara District, Northeastern Province, Kenya. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval anti-RVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Overall, 44/194 or 23% (CI95%:17%-29%) of local residents were RVFV seropositive. 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had seroconverted since early 2006. 27/92 (29%, CI95%: 20%-39%) of newly tested individuals were seropositive. All 13 individuals with positive titers (by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT80)) in 2006 remained positive in 2009. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group (P<0.0001). Conclusions Our results highlight significant variability in RVFV exposure in two neighboring villages having very similar climate, terrain, and insect density. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at >1:40 for more than 3 years. In concordance with previous studies, residents of the more rural village were more likely to be seropositive and RVFV seropositivity was associated with poor visual acuity. Raw milk consumption was strongly associated with RVFV exposure, which may represent an important new focus for public health education during future RVF outbreaks. In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval seroconversion, and to monitor individuals previously exposed to RVFV in order to document the persistence of their anti-RVFV antibodies.BACKGROUNDIn endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval seroconversion, and to monitor individuals previously exposed to RVFV in order to document the persistence of their anti-RVFV antibodies.We conducted a village cohort study in Ijara District, Northeastern Province, Kenya. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval anti-RVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Overall, 44/194 or 23% (CI(95%):17%-29%) of local residents were RVFV seropositive. 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had seroconverted since early 2006. 27/92 (29%, CI(95%): 20%-39%) of newly tested individuals were seropositive. All 13 individuals with positive titers (by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT₈₀) in 2006 remained positive in 2009. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤ 20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group (P<0.0001).METHODOLOGY/FINDINGSWe conducted a village cohort study in Ijara District, Northeastern Province, Kenya. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval anti-RVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Overall, 44/194 or 23% (CI(95%):17%-29%) of local residents were RVFV seropositive. 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had seroconverted since early 2006. 27/92 (29%, CI(95%): 20%-39%) of newly tested individuals were seropositive. All 13 individuals with positive titers (by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT₈₀) in 2006 remained positive in 2009. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤ 20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group (P<0.0001).Our results highlight significant variability in RVFV exposure in two neighboring villages having very similar climate, terrain, and insect density. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at > 1∶40 for more than 3 years. In concordance with previous studies, residents of the more rural village were more likely to be seropositive and RVFV seropositivity was associated with poor visual acuity. Raw milk consumption was strongly associated with RVFV exposure, which may represent an important new focus for public health education during future RVF outbreaks.CONCLUSIONSOur results highlight significant variability in RVFV exposure in two neighboring villages having very similar climate, terrain, and insect density. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at > 1∶40 for more than 3 years. In concordance with previous studies, residents of the more rural village were more likely to be seropositive and RVFV seropositivity was associated with poor visual acuity. Raw milk consumption was strongly associated with RVFV exposure, which may represent an important new focus for public health education during future RVF outbreaks. In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV seroprevalence in a high-risk area following the 2006-2007 Kenyan Rift Valley Fever (RVF) epidemic, to identify risk factors for interval seroconversion, and to monitor individuals previously exposed to RVFV in order to document the persistence of their anti-RVFV antibodies.We conducted a village cohort study in Ijara District, Northeastern Province, Kenya. One hundred two individuals tested for RVFV exposure before the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak were restudied to determine interval anti-RVFV seroconversion and persistence of humoral immunity since 2006. Ninety-two additional subjects were enrolled from randomly selected households to help identify risk factors for current seropositivity. Overall, 44/194 or 23% (CI(95%):17%-29%) of local residents were RVFV seropositive. 1/85 at-risk individuals restudied in the follow-up cohort had seroconverted since early 2006. 27/92 (29%, CI(95%): 20%-39%) of newly tested individuals were seropositive. All 13 individuals with positive titers (by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT₈₀) in 2006 remained positive in 2009. After adjustment in multivariable logistic models, age, village, and drinking raw milk were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity. Visual impairment (defined as ≤ 20/80) was much more likely in the RVFV-seropositive group (P<0.0001).Our results highlight significant variability in RVFV exposure in two neighboring villages having very similar climate, terrain, and insect density. Among those with previous exposure, RVFV titers remained at > 1∶40 for more than 3 years. In concordance with previous studies, residents of the more rural village were more likely to be seropositive and RVFV seropositivity was associated with poor visual acuity. Raw milk consumption was strongly associated with RVFV exposure, which may represent an important new focus for public health education during future RVF outbreaks. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Ginny Gildengorin Clarence J. Peters Samuel Muiruri Saidi Dahir Charles H. King Laura J. Sutherland A. Desiree LaBeaud John C. Morrill Eric M. Muchiri |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, United States of America 3 Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya 4 Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America 1 Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, United States of America – name: 1 Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America – name: 2 Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America – name: 3 Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya – name: 4 Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: A. Desirée surname: LaBeaud fullname: LaBeaud, A. Desirée – sequence: 2 givenname: Samuel surname: Muiruri fullname: Muiruri, Samuel – sequence: 3 givenname: Laura J. surname: Sutherland fullname: Sutherland, Laura J. – sequence: 4 givenname: Saidi surname: Dahir fullname: Dahir, Saidi – sequence: 5 givenname: Ginny surname: Gildengorin fullname: Gildengorin, Ginny – sequence: 6 givenname: John surname: Morrill fullname: Morrill, John – sequence: 7 givenname: Eric M. surname: Muchiri fullname: Muchiri, Eric M. – sequence: 8 givenname: Clarence J. surname: Peters fullname: Peters, Clarence J. – sequence: 9 givenname: Charles H. surname: King fullname: King, Charles H. |
| BackLink | https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1873116917805682816$$DView record in CiNii https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858236$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2011 Public Library of Science 2011 LaBeaud et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: LaBeaud AD, Muiruri S, Sutherland LJ, Dahir S, Gildengorin G, et al. (2011) Postepidemic Analysis of Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission in Northeastern Kenya: A Village Cohort Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(8): e1265. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001265 LaBeaud et al. 2011 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2011 Public Library of Science – notice: 2011 LaBeaud et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: LaBeaud AD, Muiruri S, Sutherland LJ, Dahir S, Gildengorin G, et al. (2011) Postepidemic Analysis of Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission in Northeastern Kenya: A Village Cohort Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(8): e1265. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001265 – notice: LaBeaud et al. 2011 |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001265 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | Postepidemic RVFV Transmission in Kenya |
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| Keywords | Humans Middle Aged Child, Preschool Infant Male Neutralization Tests Seroepidemiologic Studies Young Adult Rural Population Adult Female Rift Valley Fever Child Infant, Newborn Milk Antibodies, Neutralizing Rift Valley fever virus Risk Factors Feeding Behavior Antibodies, Viral Kenya Aged, 80 & over Animals Adolescent Aged Cohort Studies |
| Language | English |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: ADL CHK. Performed the experiments: ADL SM LJS SD JM EMM CJP CHK. Analyzed the data: ADL GG LJS CHK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CJP JM. Wrote the paper: ADL LJS CHK. |
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| References | AM El-Akkad (ref5) 1978; 53 AE Ayoola (ref13) 2003; 98 B Niklasson (ref25) 1983; 17 LW Laughlin (ref10) 1979; 73 AD LaBeaud (ref26) 2007; 76 LW Laughlin (ref14) 1978; 53 BC Easterday (ref34) 1962; 23 R Alexander (ref33) 1951; 22 (ref1) 2010 (ref4) 2000; 49 JC Morrill (ref28) 1991; 9 CW Woods (ref24) 2002; 8 GF Meadors (ref27) 1986; 4 (ref3) 2000; 207 RJ Freund (ref29) 2000 M Al-Hazmi (ref11) 2003; 36 TA Madani (ref15) 2003; 37 LJ Strausbaugh (ref17) 1978; 53 R Daubney (ref2) 1931; 34 (ref6) 2000; 49 (ref21) 2007; 82 AD LaBeaud (ref23) 2008; 14 BH Bird (ref19) 2009; 234 M Mohamed (ref30) 2010; 83 GH Gerdes (ref31) 2004; 23 CJ Peters (ref16) 1989; 11 (ref9) 2007 KJ Linthicum (ref7) 1985; 95 JM Meegan (ref8) 1980; 29 A Al-Hazmi (ref18) 2005; 112 (ref22) 2007; 56 FA Todd (ref32) 1953; 17 AA Alrajhi (ref12) 2004; 10 FG Davies (ref20) 1975; 75 JC Morrill (ref35) 1997; 58 |
| References_xml | – volume: 53 start-page: 181 year: 1978 ident: ref17 article-title: Clinical studies on Rift Valley fever, Part I: Acute febrile and hemorrhagic-like diseases. publication-title: J Egypt Public Health Assoc – volume: 53 start-page: 183 year: 1978 ident: ref14 article-title: Clinical studies on Rift Valley fever. Part 2: Ophthalmologic and central nervous system complications. publication-title: J Egypt Public Health Assoc – volume: 17 start-page: 1026 year: 1983 ident: ref25 article-title: Detection of Rift Valley fever virus antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.17.6.1026-1031.1983 – volume: 8 start-page: 138 year: 2002 ident: ref24 article-title: An outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. publication-title: Emerging Infectious Diseases doi: 10.3201/eid0802.010023 – volume: 14 start-page: 1240 year: 2008 ident: ref23 article-title: Interepidemic Rift Valley Fever Virus Seropositivity, Northeastern Kenya. publication-title: Emerging Infectious Diseases doi: 10.3201/eid1408.080082 – volume: 11 start-page: S743 year: 1989 ident: ref16 article-title: Pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fevers: Rift Valley fever and Lassa fever contrasted. publication-title: Rev Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/clinids/11.Supplement_4.S743 – volume: 82 start-page: 169 year: 2007 ident: ref21 article-title: Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Somalia and United Republic of Tanzania, December 2006–April 2007. publication-title: Wkly Epidemiol Rec – volume: 37 start-page: 1084 year: 2003 ident: ref15 article-title: Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/378747 – volume: 76 start-page: 795 year: 2007 ident: ref26 article-title: Spectrum of Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission in Kenya: Insights from three Distinct Regions. publication-title: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.795 – start-page: 1 year: 2007 ident: ref9 article-title: Rift Valley Fever. – volume: 98 start-page: S92 year: 2003 ident: ref13 article-title: Liver involvement in patients with moderately severe Rift Valley fever. publication-title: American Journal of Gastroenterology doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.08007.x – volume: 207 start-page: 1 year: 2000 ident: ref3 article-title: Rift Valley Fever. publication-title: WHO Fact Sheet No – volume: 95 start-page: 197 year: 1985 ident: ref7 article-title: Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. publication-title: The Journal of hygiene doi: 10.1017/S0022172400062434 – volume: 36 start-page: 245 year: 2003 ident: ref11 article-title: Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans. publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/345671 – volume: 49 start-page: 1065 year: 2000 ident: ref4 article-title: Outbreak of Rift Valley fever–Yemen, August–October 2000. publication-title: MMWR – volume: 9 start-page: 35 year: 1991 ident: ref28 article-title: Further evaluation of a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever vaccine in sheep. publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(91)90314-V – year: 2010 ident: ref1 article-title: CDC Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Fact Sheet. – volume: 34 start-page: 545 year: 1931 ident: ref2 article-title: Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever: an undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa. publication-title: Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology doi: 10.1002/path.1700340418 – volume: 49 start-page: 982 year: 2000 ident: ref6 article-title: Update: Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever - Saudi Arabia, August–November 2000. publication-title: MMWR – volume: 112 start-page: 313 year: 2005 ident: ref18 article-title: Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia. publication-title: Ophthalmology doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.09.018 – volume: 4 start-page: 179 year: 1986 ident: ref27 article-title: Evaluation of a new Rift Valley fever vaccine: safety and immunogenicity trials. publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(86)90007-1 – volume: 17 start-page: 338 year: 1953 ident: ref32 article-title: The Veterinarian in Civil Defence. publication-title: Can J Comp Med Vet Sci – volume: 83 start-page: 22 year: 2010 ident: ref30 article-title: Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of a Rift Valley fever outbreak in humans in Tanzania, 2007. publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0318 – volume: 58 start-page: 1104 year: 1997 ident: ref35 article-title: Safety and efficacy of a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever virus vaccine in cattle. publication-title: Am J Vet Res doi: 10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.10.1104 – volume: 10 start-page: 554 year: 2004 ident: ref12 article-title: Rift Valley fever encephalitis. publication-title: Emerg Infect Dis doi: 10.3201/eid1003.020817 – volume: 56 start-page: 73 year: 2007 ident: ref22 article-title: Rift Valley fever outbreak–Kenya, November 2006–January 2007. publication-title: Morb Mortal Wkly Rep – volume: 29 start-page: 1405 year: 1980 ident: ref8 article-title: Experimental transmission and field isolation studies implicating Culex pipiens as a vector of Rift Valley fever virus in Egypt. publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.1405 – volume: 22 start-page: 105 year: 1951 ident: ref33 article-title: Rift Valley fever in the Union. publication-title: Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association – volume: 23 start-page: 1224 year: 1962 ident: ref34 article-title: Experimental Rift Valley fever in calves, goats and pigs. publication-title: Am J Vet Res – volume: 23 start-page: 613 year: 2004 ident: ref31 article-title: Rift Valley fever. publication-title: Rev Sci Tech doi: 10.20506/rst.23.2.1500 – volume: 73 start-page: 630 year: 1979 ident: ref10 article-title: Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Egypt: observations of the spectrum of human illness. publication-title: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(79)90006-3 – volume: 53 start-page: 137 year: 1978 ident: ref5 article-title: Rift Valley Fever outbreak in Egypt. October-December 1977. publication-title: J Egypt Publ Health Assoc – start-page: viii, 236 year: 2000 ident: ref29 article-title: SAS System for regression – volume: 75 start-page: 219 year: 1975 ident: ref20 article-title: Observations on the Epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya. publication-title: The Journal of Hygiene doi: 10.1017/S0022172400047252 – volume: 234 start-page: 883 year: 2009 ident: ref19 article-title: Rift Valley fever virus. publication-title: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association doi: 10.2460/javma.234.7.883 |
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| Snippet | In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human anti-RVFV... Background: In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human... Background In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure human... RVFV infection causes significant disease in both human and animal populations, resulting in significant agricultural, economic and public health consequences.... Background In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. Goals of this study were to measure... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Animal diseases Animals Antibodies, Neutralizing Antibodies, Neutralizing - blood Antibodies, Viral Antibodies, Viral - blood Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Confidence intervals Disease transmission Encephalitis Feeding Behavior Female Fever Health aspects Health risk assessment Households Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Infections Kenya Kenya - epidemiology Livestock Logistics Male Medicine Middle Aged Milk Mosquitoes Neutralization Neutralization Tests Outbreaks Public aspects of medicine Public health RA1-1270 RC955-962 Research Article Rift Valley Fever Rift Valley Fever - epidemiology Rift Valley Fever - transmission Rift Valley fever virus Rift Valley fever virus - immunology Risk Factors Rural Population Seroepidemiologic Studies Studies Tropical diseases Vector-borne diseases Young Adult |
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| Title | Postepidemic Analysis of Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission in Northeastern Kenya: A Village Cohort Study |
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