A methodological framework for deriving the German food-based dietary guidelines 2024: Food groups, nutrient goals, and objective functions

For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. The objective...

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Vydáno v:PloS one Ročník 20; číslo 3; s. e0313347
Hlavní autoři: Schäfer, Anne Carolin, Boeing, Heiner, Gazan, Rozenn, Conrad, Johanna, Gedrich, Kurt, Breidenassel, Christina, Hauner, Hans, Kroke, Anja, Linseisen, Jakob, Lorkowski, Stefan, Nöthlings, Ute, Richter, Margrit, Schwingshackl, Lukas, Vieux, Florent, Watzl, Bernhard
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: United States Public Library of Science 12.03.2025
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ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. The objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals. To answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5th and 95th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes). FoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model's goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute). Considering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
AbstractList For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. The objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals. To answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5.sup.th and 95.sup.th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes). FoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model's goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute). Considering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied.BACKGROUNDFor a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied.The objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals.OBJECTIVESThe objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals.To answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5th and 95th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes).METHODSTo answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5th and 95th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes).FoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model's goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute).RESULTSFoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model's goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute).Considering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.CONCLUSIONConsidering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
BackgroundFor a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models’ parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied.ObjectivesThe objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals.MethodsTo answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5th and 95th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes).ResultsFoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model’s goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute).ConclusionConsidering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. The objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals. To answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5th and 95th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes). FoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model's goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute). Considering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
Background For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models' parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. Objectives The objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals. Methods To answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5.sup.th and 95.sup.th percentile for food intakes of German adults (n = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 (n = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes). Results FoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model's goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute). Conclusion Considering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
Background For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and sustainable diets. However, decisions about such optimization models’ parameters are rarely reported nor systematically studied. Objectives The objectives were to develop a framework for (i) the formulation of decision variables based on a hierarchical food classification system; (ii) the mathematical form of the objective function; and (iii) approaches to incorporate nutrient goals. Methods To answer objective (i), food groups from FoodEx2 levels 3-7 were applied as decision variables in a model using acceptability constraints (5 th and 95 th percentile for food intakes of German adults ( n  = 10,419)) and minimizing the deviation from the average observed dietary intakes. Building upon, to answer objectives (ii) and (iii), twelve models were run using decision variables from FoodEx2 level 3 ( n  = 255), applying either a linear or squared and a relative or absolute way to deviate from observed dietary intakes, and three different lists of nutrient goals (allNUT-DRV, incorporating all nutrient goals; modNUT-DRV excluding nutrients with limited data quality; modNUT-AR using average requirements where applicable instead of recommended intakes). Results FoodEx2 food groups proved suitable as diet optimization decision variables. Regarding deviation, the largest differences were between the four different objective function types, e.g., in the linear-relative modNUT-DRV model, 46 food groups of the observed diet were changed to reach the model’s goal, in linear-absolute 78 food groups, squared-relative 167, and squared-absolute 248. The nutrient goals were fulfilled in all models, but the number of binding nutrient constraints was highest in the linear-relative models (e.g. allNUT-DRV: 11 vs. 7 in linear-absolute). Conclusion Considering the various possibilities to operationalize dietary aspects in an optimization model, this study offers valuable contributions to a framework for developing FBDGs via diet optimization.
Audience Academic
Author Conrad, Johanna
Gedrich, Kurt
Schäfer, Anne Carolin
Watzl, Bernhard
Kroke, Anja
Richter, Margrit
Gazan, Rozenn
Schwingshackl, Lukas
Linseisen, Jakob
Lorkowski, Stefan
Vieux, Florent
Boeing, Heiner
Nöthlings, Ute
Breidenassel, Christina
Hauner, Hans
AuthorAffiliation 10 Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
5 Research Group Public Health Nutrition, ZIEL—Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
1 German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
6 Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
2 Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Lovely Professional University, INDIA
7 Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
11 Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
9 Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
8 Epidemiology, University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
12 De
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 9 Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
– name: 8 Epidemiology, University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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– name: 1 German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
– name: 10 Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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– name: 2 Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40073305$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cdnut_2025_107559
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00394_025_03789_5
crossref_primary_10_1055_a_2640_1098
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– notice: 2025 Schäfer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Snippet For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy and...
Background For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy...
BackgroundFor a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy...
Background For a growing number of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), diet optimization is the tool of choice to account for the complex demands of healthy...
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SubjectTerms Adult
Biology and Life Sciences
Constraints
Deviation
Diet
Dietary guidelines
Female
Food
Food - classification
Food groups
Food habits
Food intake
Fruits
Germany
Grain
Guidelines
Health aspects
Humans
Male
Mathematical models
Meat
Meat products
Medicine and Health Sciences
Middle Aged
Models, Theoretical
Nutrients
Nutrition
Nutrition Policy
Objective function
Oils & fats
Optimization
Optimization models
People and Places
Physical Sciences
Poultry
Requirements
Vegetable oils
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Title A methodological framework for deriving the German food-based dietary guidelines 2024: Food groups, nutrient goals, and objective functions
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Volume 20
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