Immunosenescence and human vaccine immune responses

The age-related dysregulation and decline of the immune system—collectively termed “immunosenescence”—has been generally associated with an increased susceptibility to infectious pathogens and poor vaccine responses in older adults. While numerous studies have reported on the clinical outcomes of in...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Immunity & ageing Vol. 16; no. 1; pp. 25 - 16
Main Authors: Crooke, Stephen N., Ovsyannikova, Inna G., Poland, Gregory A., Kennedy, Richard B.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London BioMed Central 13.09.2019
BioMed Central Ltd
Springer Nature B.V
BMC
Subjects:
Adaptive immunity
Aging
Aging (Biology)
Antibodies
B cell
B cells
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Clinical Nutrition
Clinical outcomes
Elderly
Geriatrics/Gerontology
Gerontology
Health aspects
Immune response
Immune system
Immunology
Immunosenescence
Immunotherapy
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes B
Medical research
Older people
Pathogenic microorganisms
Pathogens
Physiological aspects
Public Health
Review
T cell
T cells
Vaccination
Vaccine development
Vaccines
United States
B cell
Immune response
Vaccination
T cell
Aging
Immunosenescence
Adaptive immunity
ISSN:1742-4933, 1742-4933
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The age-related dysregulation and decline of the immune system—collectively termed “immunosenescence”—has been generally associated with an increased susceptibility to infectious pathogens and poor vaccine responses in older adults. While numerous studies have reported on the clinical outcomes of infected or vaccinated individuals, our understanding of the mechanisms governing the onset of immunosenescence and its effects on adaptive immunity remains incomplete. Age-dependent differences in T and B lymphocyte populations and functions have been well-defined, yet studies that demonstrate direct associations between immune cell function and clinical outcomes in older individuals are lacking. Despite these knowledge gaps, research has progressed in the development of vaccine and adjuvant formulations tailored for older adults in order to boost protective immunity and overcome immunosenescence. In this review, we will discuss the development of vaccines for older adults in light of our current understanding—or lack thereof—of the aging immune system. We highlight the functional changes that are known to occur in the adaptive immune system with age, followed by a discussion of current, clinically relevant pathogens that disproportionately affect older adults and are the central focus of vaccine research efforts for the aging population. We conclude with an outlook on personalized vaccine development for older adults and areas in need of further study in order to improve our fundamental understanding of adaptive immunosenescence.
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ISSN:1742-4933
1742-4933
DOI:10.1186/s12979-019-0164-9