Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown

Differential gene expression mechanisms ensure cellular differentiation and plasticity to shape ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversity of cell types. A key regulator of differential gene expression programs are the enhancers, the gene-distal cis -regulatory sequences that govern spatiotemporal and q...

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Published in:Genome Biology Vol. 22; no. 1; p. 108
Main Authors: Panigrahi, Anil, O’Malley, Bert W.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London BioMed Central 15.04.2021
Springer Nature B.V
BMC
Subjects:
Animal Genetics and Genomics
Animals
Binding Sites
Bioinformatics
Biomedical and Life Sciences
cell differentiation
Chromatin - genetics
Chromatin - metabolism
Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
Chromosomes
Complement activation
Complement regulatory proteins
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism
Enhancer Elements, Genetic
Enhancers
Evolution, Molecular
Evolutionary Biology
Gene expression
Gene Expression Regulation
genome
Genome-Wide Association Study
Genomes
Genomics
Genomics - methods
Human Genetics
Humans
Introns
Life Sciences
mechanics
Microbial Genetics and Genomics
Morphology
Mutation
Ontogeny
Phylogeny
Plant Genetics and Genomics
Proteins
Regulatory sequences
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Review
RNA polymerase
Signal Transduction
Transcription activation
Transcriptional Activation
ISSN:1474-760X, 1474-7596, 1474-760X
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Differential gene expression mechanisms ensure cellular differentiation and plasticity to shape ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversity of cell types. A key regulator of differential gene expression programs are the enhancers, the gene-distal cis -regulatory sequences that govern spatiotemporal and quantitative expression dynamics of target genes. Enhancers are widely believed to physically contact the target promoters to effect transcriptional activation. However, our understanding of the full complement of regulatory proteins and the definitive mechanics of enhancer action is incomplete. Here, we review recent findings to present some emerging concepts on enhancer action and also outline a set of outstanding questions.
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ISSN:1474-760X
1474-7596
1474-760X
DOI:10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1