Elevated concentrations of urinary triclocarban, phenol and paraben among pregnant women in Northern Puerto Rico: Predictors and trends

Understanding important sources and pathways of exposure to common chemicals known or suspected to impact human health is critical to eliminate or reduce the exposure. This is particularly important in areas such as Puerto Rico, where residents have higher exposures to numerous chemicals, as well as...

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Published in:Environment international Vol. 121; no. Pt 1; pp. 990 - 1002
Main Authors: Ashrap, Pahriya, Watkins, Deborah J., Calafat, Antonia M., Ye, Xiaoyun, Rosario, Zaira, Brown, Phil, Vélez-Vega, Carmen M., Alshawabkeh, Akram, Cordero, José F., Meeker, John D.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2018
Elsevier
Subjects:
2,4-dichlorophenol
active ingredients
Adult
Anti-Infective Agents, Local - urine
Antimicrobials
benzophenones
biomarkers
Biomarkers - urine
bisphenol A
bisphenol F
bisphenol S
Carbanilides - urine
Cosmetics
Endocrine disruptors
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental Pollutants - urine
Exposure assessment
exposure pathways
Female
Human biomonitoring
human health
Humans
liquids
methylparaben
Parabens - analysis
Personal care products
phenol
Phenols - urine
Pregnancy
Pregnant Women
Puerto Rico
questionnaires
soaps
sunscreens
triclosan
United States
urine
Puerto Rico
United States
Pregnancy
Endocrine disruptors
Personal care products
Human biomonitoring
Antimicrobials
Exposure assessment
ISSN:0160-4120, 1873-6750, 1873-6750
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Understanding important sources and pathways of exposure to common chemicals known or suspected to impact human health is critical to eliminate or reduce the exposure. This is particularly important in areas such as Puerto Rico, where residents have higher exposures to numerous chemicals, as well as higher rates of many adverse health outcomes, compared to the mainland US. The aim of this study was to assess distributions, time trends, and predictors of urinary triclocarban, phenol, and paraben biomarkers measured at multiple times during pregnancy among women living in Northern Puerto Rico. We recruited 1003 pregnant women between years 2010 and 2016 from prenatal clinics and collected urine samples and questionnaire data on personal care product use at up to three separate visits, between 16 and 28 weeks gestation. Urine samples were analyzed for triclocarban, seven phenols and four parabens: 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, benzophenone-3, bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F, triclosan, butylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, and propylparaben. Detectable triclocarban, phenol and paraben concentrations among pregnant women were prevalent and tended to be higher than levels measured in women of reproductive age from the general US population, especially triclocarban, which had a median concentration 37 times higher in Puerto Rico participants (2.6 vs 0.07 ng/mL). A decreasing temporal trend was statistically significant for urine concentrations of BPA during the study period, while the BPA substitute BPS showed an increasing temporal trend. Significant and positive associations were found between biomarker concentrations with the products use in the past 48-h (soap, sunscreen, lotion, cosmetics). There was an increasing trend of triclocarban/triclosan urinary concentrations with increased concentrations of triclocarban/triclosan listed as the active ingredient in the bar soap/liquid soap products reported being used. Our results suggest several potential exposure sources to triclocarban, phenols, and parabens in this population and may help inform targeted approaches to reduce exposure. •Urinary triclocarban levels of pregnant women were 37-fold higher than women of same age in NHANES.•First study to quantify the reliability of BPF and triclocarban in pregnant women urine samples•Decreased exposure to BPA but increased exposure to BPS was observed during study period.•Elevated triclocarban/triclosan levels were associated with the use of products containing them.
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ISSN:0160-4120
1873-6750
1873-6750
DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.020