Mechanisms of Hepatitis B Virus Persistence

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 250 million people worldwide, resulting in nearly one million deaths annually. Studies in recent years have significantly improved our knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV persistence. HBV uses multiple pathways to harness host innate immunity to enhance its...

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Vydané v:	Trends in microbiology (Regular ed.) Ročník 26; číslo 1; s. 33 - 42
Hlavní autori:	Tsai, Kuen-Nan, Kuo, Cheng-Fu, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	England Elsevier Ltd 01.01.2018 Elsevier Science Ltd
Predmet:	age and maternal effects Age Factors antigens Child Children chronic hepatitis B Chronic infection Disease transmission Gastrointestinal Microbiome - immunology HBV e antigen Hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatitis B e Antigens Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus - genetics Hepatitis B virus - immunology Hepatitis B virus - pathogenicity Hepatitis B virus - physiology Hepatitis B, Chronic - therapy Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology Humans Immune system Immunity Immunity, Innate Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical Innate immunity interferon immune responses Intestinal microflora intestinal microorganisms Life Cycle Stages Maternal Inheritance - immunology Medical treatment Microbiota Offspring people vertical transmission Viral infections Viral Load Viruses chronic hepatitis B vertical transmission HBV e antigen age and maternal effects interferon immune responses
ISSN:	0966-842X, 1878-4380, 1878-4380
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Abstract	Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 250 million people worldwide, resulting in nearly one million deaths annually. Studies in recent years have significantly improved our knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV persistence. HBV uses multiple pathways to harness host innate immunity to enhance its replication. It can also take advantage of the developing immune system and the not-yet-stabilized gut microbiota of young children to facilitate its persistence, and use maternal viral e antigen to educate immunity of the offspring to support its persistence after vertical transmission. The knowledge gained from these recent studies paves the way for the development of new therapies for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, which has so far been very challenging. HBV frequently causes chronic infection after vertical transmission but mostly self-limited acute infection after horizontal transmission. HBV harnesses type I interferon immune response to enhance its own replication. HBV persistence is affected by the age of infection, size of viral inoculum, and gut microbiota. Maternal HBeAg can train Kupffer cells of the offspring, likely in utero, to suppress HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in the presence of HBeAg after birth.
AbstractList	Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 250 million people worldwide, resulting in nearly one million deaths annually. Studies in recent years have significantly improved our knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV persistence. HBV uses multiple pathways to harness host innate immunity to enhance its replication. It can also take advantage of the developing immune system and the not-yet-stabilized gut microbiota of young children to facilitate its persistence, and use maternal viral e antigen to educate immunity of the offspring to support its persistence after vertical transmission. The knowledge gained from these recent studies paves the way for the development of new therapies for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, which has so far been very challenging. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 250 million people worldwide, resulting in nearly one million deaths annually. Studies in recent years have significantly improved our knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV persistence. HBV uses multiple pathways to harness host innate immunity to enhance its replication. It can also take advantage of the developing immune system and the not-yet-stabilized gut microbiota of young children to facilitate its persistence, and use maternal viral e antigen to educate immunity of the offspring to support its persistence after vertical transmission. The knowledge gained from these recent studies paves the way for the development of new therapies for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, which has so far been very challenging. HBV frequently causes chronic infection after vertical transmission but mostly self-limited acute infection after horizontal transmission. HBV harnesses type I interferon immune response to enhance its own replication. HBV persistence is affected by the age of infection, size of viral inoculum, and gut microbiota. Maternal HBeAg can train Kupffer cells of the offspring, likely in utero, to suppress HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in the presence of HBeAg after birth. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 250 million people worldwide, resulting in nearly one million deaths annually. Studies in recent years have significantly improved our knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV persistence. HBV uses multiple pathways to harness host innate immunity to enhance its replication. It can also take advantage of the developing immune system and the not-yet-stabilized gut microbiota of young children to facilitate its persistence, and use maternal viral e antigen to educate immunity of the offspring to support its persistence after vertical transmission. The knowledge gained from these recent studies paves the way for the development of new therapies for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, which has so far been very challenging.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 250 million people worldwide, resulting in nearly one million deaths annually. Studies in recent years have significantly improved our knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV persistence. HBV uses multiple pathways to harness host innate immunity to enhance its replication. It can also take advantage of the developing immune system and the not-yet-stabilized gut microbiota of young children to facilitate its persistence, and use maternal viral e antigen to educate immunity of the offspring to support its persistence after vertical transmission. The knowledge gained from these recent studies paves the way for the development of new therapies for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, which has so far been very challenging.
Author	Kuo, Cheng-Fu Tsai, Kuen-Nan Ou, Jing-Hsiung James
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Kuen-Nan surname: Tsai fullname: Tsai, Kuen-Nan organization: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Cheng-Fu surname: Kuo fullname: Kuo, Cheng-Fu organization: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Jing-Hsiung James surname: Ou fullname: Ou, Jing-Hsiung James email: jamesou@hsc.usc.edu organization: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Snippet	Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 250 million people worldwide, resulting in nearly one million deaths annually. Studies in recent years have...
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SubjectTerms	age and maternal effects Age Factors antigens Child Children chronic hepatitis B Chronic infection Disease transmission Gastrointestinal Microbiome - immunology HBV e antigen Hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatitis B e Antigens Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus - genetics Hepatitis B virus - immunology Hepatitis B virus - pathogenicity Hepatitis B virus - physiology Hepatitis B, Chronic - therapy Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology Humans Immune system Immunity Immunity, Innate Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical Innate immunity interferon immune responses Intestinal microflora intestinal microorganisms Life Cycle Stages Maternal Inheritance - immunology Medical treatment Microbiota Offspring people vertical transmission Viral infections Viral Load Viruses
Title	Mechanisms of Hepatitis B Virus Persistence
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