Positive effects of organic farming on below-ground mutualists: large-scale comparison of mycorrhizal fungal communities in agricultural soils

The impact of various agricultural practices on soil biodiversity and, in particular, on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is still poorly understood, although AMF can provide benefit to plants and ecosystems. Here, we tested whether organic farming enhances AMF diversity and whether AMF communiti...

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Vydané v:	The New phytologist Ročník 186; číslo 4; s. 968 - 979
Hlavní autori:	Verbruggen, Erik, Röling, Wilfred F. M., Gamper, Hannes A., Kowalchuk, George A., Verhoef, Herman A., van der Heijden, Marcel G. A.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Oxford, UK Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.06.2010 Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Predmet:	Agricultural ecosystems Agricultural land Agricultural management Agricultural practices agricultural soils Agriculture Agriculture - methods Agroecosystems analysis Arable land arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Arbuscular mycorrhizas below-ground mutualism Biodiversity Community composition community structure Composition Corn Crop management Crop rotation Crops, Agricultural Crops, Agricultural - growth & development Crops, Agricultural - microbiology Ecological sustainability Ecosystem Ecosystem management Ecosystems Fields Fingerprinting fungal communities Fungi Grasslands growth & development methods microbiology Mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae - physiology mycorrhizal fungi organic agriculture Organic farming Organic foods organic production physiology Plants Poaceae Poaceae - microbiology Polymorphism Principal Component Analysis Restoration Restriction fragment length polymorphism Sandy soils Soil Soil - analysis soil biodiversity Soil Microbiology species diversity Species Specificity Strategic management Sustainable agriculture Symbiosis Symbiosis - physiology terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) Time Factors β-diversity
ISSN:	0028-646X, 1469-8137, 1469-8137
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Shrnutí:	The impact of various agricultural practices on soil biodiversity and, in particular, on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is still poorly understood, although AMF can provide benefit to plants and ecosystems. Here, we tested whether organic farming enhances AMF diversity and whether AMF communities from organically managed fields are more similar to those of species-rich grasslands or conventionally managed fields. To address this issue, the AMF community composition was assessed in 26 arable fields (13 pairs of organically and conventionally managed fields) and five semi-natural grasslands, all on sandy soil. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism community fingerprinting was used to characterize AMF community composition. The average number of AMF taxa was highest in grasslands (8.8), intermediate in organically managed fields (6.4) and significantly lower in conventionally managed fields (3.9). Moreover, AMF richness increased significantly with the time since conversion to organic agriculture. AMF communities of organically managed fields were also more similar to those of natural grasslands when compared with those under conventional management, and were less uniform than their conventional counterparts, as expressed by higher β-diversity (between-site diversity). We suggest that organic management in agro-ecosystems contributes to the restoration and maintenance of these important below-ground mutualists.
Bibliografia:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03230.x ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23
ISSN:	0028-646X 1469-8137 1469-8137
DOI:	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03230.x