Feedback from an avatar facilitates risk-taking by modulating the amygdala response to feedback uncertainty

With the rise of cyberspace technologies, communication through avatars has become increasingly common. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by avatar interactions remain poorly understood, particularly when avatars serve as communication partners. To ad...

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Published in:	PLoS biology Vol. 23; no. 4; p. e3003122
Main Authors:	Tanaka, Toshiko, Haruno, Masahiko
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 01.04.2025 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Adult Amygdala Amygdala (Brain) Amygdala - diagnostic imaging Amygdala - physiology Analysis Avatar Avatars Behavior Biology and Life Sciences Communication Expected values Experiments Facial Expression Feedback Feedback (Psychology) Feedback, Psychological - physiology Female Functional magnetic resonance imaging Gambling Gambling - psychology Health aspects Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical examination Medicine and Health Sciences Research and Analysis Methods Risk Risk taking Social anxiety Social behavior Social interaction Social interactions Social Sciences Uncertainty Variance analysis Virtual reality Young Adult Japan
ISSN:	1545-7885, 1544-9173, 1545-7885
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Abstract	With the rise of cyberspace technologies, communication through avatars has become increasingly common. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by avatar interactions remain poorly understood, particularly when avatars serve as communication partners. To address this gap and uncover the biological mechanisms involved, we conducted behavioral ( n = 28) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ( n = 51) experiments using a simple gambling task. Participants received dynamic facial-expression feedback from either a human observer presented as an avatar or a real human face based on the outcome (win or no-win) of each gambling trial. Our results showed that expecting avatar feedback significantly increased gambling behavior in both behavioral and fMRI settings. Computational modeling revealed that differences in risk-taking behavior between the avatar and human conditions were associated with differential valuation of feedback uncertainty. Furthermore, we found that the amygdala encodes the differential valuation of feedback uncertainty, where a negative response to feedback uncertainty played a key role in choosing a gambling option. Additionally, we found that individual differences in behavioral and neural valuation of feedback uncertainty correlate with the questionnaire score that measures emotional consideration of another person’s internal states. These results demonstrate the facilitation of risk-taking behavior by avatar feedback and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms, thus providing deeper biological insights into risk-taking behavior and implications for human social interactions using avatars.
AbstractList	With the rise of cyberspace technologies, communication through avatars has become increasingly common. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by avatar interactions remain poorly understood, particularly when avatars serve as communication partners. To address this gap and uncover the biological mechanisms involved, we conducted behavioral (n = 28) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (n = 51) experiments using a simple gambling task. Participants received dynamic facial-expression feedback from either a human observer presented as an avatar or a real human face based on the outcome (win or no-win) of each gambling trial. Our results showed that expecting avatar feedback significantly increased gambling behavior in both behavioral and fMRI settings. Computational modeling revealed that differences in risk-taking behavior between the avatar and human conditions were associated with differential valuation of feedback uncertainty. Furthermore, we found that the amygdala encodes the differential valuation of feedback uncertainty, where a negative response to feedback uncertainty played a key role in choosing a gambling option. Additionally, we found that individual differences in behavioral and neural valuation of feedback uncertainty correlate with the questionnaire score that measures emotional consideration of another person's internal states. These results demonstrate the facilitation of risk-taking behavior by avatar feedback and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms, thus providing deeper biological insights into risk-taking behavior and implications for human social interactions using avatars. With the rise of cyberspace technologies, communication through avatars has become increasingly common. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by avatar interactions remain poorly understood, particularly when avatars serve as communication partners. To address this gap and uncover the biological mechanisms involved, we conducted behavioral (n = 28) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (n = 51) experiments using a simple gambling task. Participants received dynamic facial-expression feedback from either a human observer presented as an avatar or a real human face based on the outcome (win or no-win) of each gambling trial. Our results showed that expecting avatar feedback significantly increased gambling behavior in both behavioral and fMRI settings. Computational modeling revealed that differences in risk-taking behavior between the avatar and human conditions were associated with differential valuation of feedback uncertainty. Furthermore, we found that the amygdala encodes the differential valuation of feedback uncertainty, where a negative response to feedback uncertainty played a key role in choosing a gambling option. Additionally, we found that individual differences in behavioral and neural valuation of feedback uncertainty correlate with the questionnaire score that measures emotional consideration of another person's internal states. These results demonstrate the facilitation of risk-taking behavior by avatar feedback and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms, thus providing deeper biological insights into risk-taking behavior and implications for human social interactions using avatars.With the rise of cyberspace technologies, communication through avatars has become increasingly common. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by avatar interactions remain poorly understood, particularly when avatars serve as communication partners. To address this gap and uncover the biological mechanisms involved, we conducted behavioral (n = 28) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (n = 51) experiments using a simple gambling task. Participants received dynamic facial-expression feedback from either a human observer presented as an avatar or a real human face based on the outcome (win or no-win) of each gambling trial. Our results showed that expecting avatar feedback significantly increased gambling behavior in both behavioral and fMRI settings. Computational modeling revealed that differences in risk-taking behavior between the avatar and human conditions were associated with differential valuation of feedback uncertainty. Furthermore, we found that the amygdala encodes the differential valuation of feedback uncertainty, where a negative response to feedback uncertainty played a key role in choosing a gambling option. Additionally, we found that individual differences in behavioral and neural valuation of feedback uncertainty correlate with the questionnaire score that measures emotional consideration of another person's internal states. These results demonstrate the facilitation of risk-taking behavior by avatar feedback and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms, thus providing deeper biological insights into risk-taking behavior and implications for human social interactions using avatars. With the rise of cyberspace technologies, communication through avatars has become increasingly common. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by avatar interactions remain poorly understood, particularly when avatars serve as communication partners. To address this gap and uncover the biological mechanisms involved, we conducted behavioral (n = 28) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (n = 51) experiments using a simple gambling task. Participants received dynamic facial-expression feedback from either a human observer presented as an avatar or a real human face based on the outcome (win or no-win) of each gambling trial. Our results showed that expecting avatar feedback significantly increased gambling behavior in both behavioral and fMRI settings. Computational modeling revealed that differences in risk-taking behavior between the avatar and human conditions were associated with differential valuation of feedback uncertainty. Furthermore, we found that the amygdala encodes the differential valuation of feedback uncertainty, where a negative response to feedback uncertainty played a key role in choosing a gambling option. Additionally, we found that individual differences in behavioral and neural valuation of feedback uncertainty correlate with the questionnaire score that measures emotional consideration of another person’s internal states. These results demonstrate the facilitation of risk-taking behavior by avatar feedback and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms, thus providing deeper biological insights into risk-taking behavior and implications for human social interactions using avatars. How does our brain process interactions with an avatar compared to real human being? This study shows that feedback from an avatar increases risk-taking behavior in humans and is associated with lower activity in the amygdala.
Audience	Academic
Author	Tanaka, Toshiko Haruno, Masahiko
AuthorAffiliation	1 Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Japan Oxford University, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 2 Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan – name: 1 Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Japan – name: Oxford University, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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Copyright	Copyright: © 2025 Tanaka, Haruno. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. COPYRIGHT 2025 Public Library of Science 2025 Tanaka, Haruno. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2025 Tanaka, Haruno 2025 Tanaka, Haruno 2025 Tanaka, Haruno. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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SubjectTerms	Adult Amygdala Amygdala (Brain) Amygdala - diagnostic imaging Amygdala - physiology Analysis Avatar Avatars Behavior Biology and Life Sciences Communication Expected values Experiments Facial Expression Feedback Feedback (Psychology) Feedback, Psychological - physiology Female Functional magnetic resonance imaging Gambling Gambling - psychology Health aspects Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical examination Medicine and Health Sciences Research and Analysis Methods Risk Risk taking Social anxiety Social behavior Social interaction Social interactions Social Sciences Uncertainty Variance analysis Virtual reality Young Adult
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Title	Feedback from an avatar facilitates risk-taking by modulating the amygdala response to feedback uncertainty
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