Early-life growth and emotional, behavior and cognitive outcomes in childhood and adolescence in the EU child cohort network: individual participant data meta-analysis of over 109,000 individuals

Fetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics and early life growth with behavior and cognitive outcomes from childhood to adolescence. We used harmonized data of 109,481 children from 8...

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Veröffentlicht in:The Lancet regional health. Europe Jg. 52; S. 101247
Hauptverfasser: Gonçalves, Romy, Blaauwendraad, Sophia, Avraam, Demetris, Beneíto, Andrea, Charles, Marie-Aline, Elhakeem, Ahmed, Escribano, Joaquin, Etienne, Louise, García-Baquero Moneo, Gonzalo, Soares, Ana Gonçalves, de Groot, Jasmin, Grote, Veit, Gruszfeld, Dariusz, Guerlich, Kathrin, Guxens, Monica, Heude, Barbara, Koletzko, Berthold, Lertxundi, Aitana, Lozano, Manuel, El Marroun, Hanan, McEachan, Rosie, Pinot de Moira, Angela, Santorelli, Gillian, Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine, Tafflet, Muriel, Vainqueur, Chloe, Verduci, Elvira, Vrijheid, Martine, Welten, Marieke, Wright, John, Yang, Tiffany C., Gaillard, Romy, Jaddoe, Vincent W.V.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: England Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2025
Elsevier
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ISSN:2666-7762, 2666-7762
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Abstract Fetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics and early life growth with behavior and cognitive outcomes from childhood to adolescence. We used harmonized data of 109,481 children from 8 European birth cohorts. Birth weight, gestational age, and body mass index (BMI) tertiles at the age of 2 years were used as the exposure variables. Outcomes included internalizing and externalizing problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and non-verbal intelligence quotient (Non-verbal IQ) in childhood (4–10 years), early adolescence (11–16 years), and late adolescence (17–20 years). We used 1-stage individual participant data meta-analyses using generalized linear models. A one-week older gestational age was associated with lower scores for internalizing problems (difference −0·48 (95% CI: −0·59, −0·37)), externalizing problems (difference −0·34 (95% CI: −0·44, −0·23)), and ADHD symptoms (difference −0·38 (95% CI: −0·49, −0·27)), and with higher scores for non-verbal IQ (difference 0·65 (95% CI: 0·41, 0·89)). As compared to term birth, preterm birth was associated with higher internalizing problems (difference 3·43 (95% CI: 2·52, 4·33)) and externalizing problems (difference 2·31 (95% CI: 1·16, 3·46)), ADHD symptoms (difference 4·15 (95% CI: 3·15, 5·16)), ASD symptoms (difference 3·23 (95% CI: 0·37, 6·08)), and lower non-verbal IQ (difference −5·44 (95% CI: −7·44, −3·44)). Small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) in comparison with appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) was associated with higher ADHD symptoms (difference 4·88 (95% CI: 3·87, 5·90)) and lower Non-verbal IQ (difference −7·02 (95% CI: −8·84, −5·21)). Large size for gestational age at birth was associated with lower ADHD symptoms (difference −1·09 (95% CI: −1·73, 0·45)) and higher non-verbal IQ (difference 2·47 (95% CI: 0·77, 4·18)). Explorative analyses showed that as compared to children with an appropriate size for gestational age at birth and a normal BMI at the age of 2 years, children born SGA who remained small at 2 years had the lowest non-verbal IQ score (difference −8·14 percentiles (95% CI: −11·89, −4·39)). Both fetal and early childhood growth are associated with emotional, behavioral and cognitive outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. Compensatory infant growth might partly attenuate the adverse effects of suboptimal fetal growth. Future studies are needed to identify the potential for optimizing mental health outcomes in new generations by improving early-life growth. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583).
AbstractList Fetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics and early life growth with behavior and cognitive outcomes from childhood to adolescence. We used harmonized data of 109,481 children from 8 European birth cohorts. Birth weight, gestational age, and body mass index (BMI) tertiles at the age of 2 years were used as the exposure variables. Outcomes included internalizing and externalizing problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and non-verbal intelligence quotient (Non-verbal IQ) in childhood (4–10 years), early adolescence (11–16 years), and late adolescence (17–20 years). We used 1-stage individual participant data meta-analyses using generalized linear models. A one-week older gestational age was associated with lower scores for internalizing problems (difference −0·48 (95% CI: −0·59, −0·37)), externalizing problems (difference −0·34 (95% CI: −0·44, −0·23)), and ADHD symptoms (difference −0·38 (95% CI: −0·49, −0·27)), and with higher scores for non-verbal IQ (difference 0·65 (95% CI: 0·41, 0·89)). As compared to term birth, preterm birth was associated with higher internalizing problems (difference 3·43 (95% CI: 2·52, 4·33)) and externalizing problems (difference 2·31 (95% CI: 1·16, 3·46)), ADHD symptoms (difference 4·15 (95% CI: 3·15, 5·16)), ASD symptoms (difference 3·23 (95% CI: 0·37, 6·08)), and lower non-verbal IQ (difference −5·44 (95% CI: −7·44, −3·44)). Small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) in comparison with appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) was associated with higher ADHD symptoms (difference 4·88 (95% CI: 3·87, 5·90)) and lower Non-verbal IQ (difference −7·02 (95% CI: −8·84, −5·21)). Large size for gestational age at birth was associated with lower ADHD symptoms (difference −1·09 (95% CI: −1·73, 0·45)) and higher non-verbal IQ (difference 2·47 (95% CI: 0·77, 4·18)). Explorative analyses showed that as compared to children with an appropriate size for gestational age at birth and a normal BMI at the age of 2 years, children born SGA who remained small at 2 years had the lowest non-verbal IQ score (difference −8·14 percentiles (95% CI: −11·89, −4·39)). Both fetal and early childhood growth are associated with emotional, behavioral and cognitive outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. Compensatory infant growth might partly attenuate the adverse effects of suboptimal fetal growth. Future studies are needed to identify the potential for optimizing mental health outcomes in new generations by improving early-life growth. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583).
SummaryBackgroundFetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics and early life growth with behavior and cognitive outcomes from childhood to adolescence. MethodsWe used harmonized data of 109,481 children from 8 European birth cohorts. Birth weight, gestational age, and body mass index (BMI) tertiles at the age of 2 years were used as the exposure variables. Outcomes included internalizing and externalizing problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and non-verbal intelligence quotient (Non-verbal IQ) in childhood (4–10 years), early adolescence (11–16 years), and late adolescence (17–20 years). We used 1-stage individual participant data meta-analyses using generalized linear models. FindingsA one-week older gestational age was associated with lower scores for internalizing problems (difference −0·48 (95% CI: −0·59, −0·37)), externalizing problems (difference −0·34 (95% CI: −0·44, −0·23)), and ADHD symptoms (difference −0·38 (95% CI: −0·49, −0·27)), and with higher scores for non-verbal IQ (difference 0·65 (95% CI: 0·41, 0·89)). As compared to term birth, preterm birth was associated with higher internalizing problems (difference 3·43 (95% CI: 2·52, 4·33)) and externalizing problems (difference 2·31 (95% CI: 1·16, 3·46)), ADHD symptoms (difference 4·15 (95% CI: 3·15, 5·16)), ASD symptoms (difference 3·23 (95% CI: 0·37, 6·08)), and lower non-verbal IQ (difference −5·44 (95% CI: −7·44, −3·44)). Small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) in comparison with appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) was associated with higher ADHD symptoms (difference 4·88 (95% CI: 3·87, 5·90)) and lower Non-verbal IQ (difference −7·02 (95% CI: −8·84, −5·21)). Large size for gestational age at birth was associated with lower ADHD symptoms (difference −1·09 (95% CI: −1·73, 0·45)) and higher non-verbal IQ (difference 2·47 (95% CI: 0·77, 4·18)). Explorative analyses showed that as compared to children with an appropriate size for gestational age at birth and a normal BMI at the age of 2 years, children born SGA who remained small at 2 years had the lowest non-verbal IQ score (difference −8·14 percentiles (95% CI: −11·89, −4·39)). InterpretationBoth fetal and early childhood growth are associated with emotional, behavioral and cognitive outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. Compensatory infant growth might partly attenuate the adverse effects of suboptimal fetal growth. Future studies are needed to identify the potential for optimizing mental health outcomes in new generations by improving early-life growth. FundingThis project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme ( LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583).
Fetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics and early life growth with behavior and cognitive outcomes from childhood to adolescence.BackgroundFetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics and early life growth with behavior and cognitive outcomes from childhood to adolescence.We used harmonized data of 109,481 children from 8 European birth cohorts. Birth weight, gestational age, and body mass index (BMI) tertiles at the age of 2 years were used as the exposure variables. Outcomes included internalizing and externalizing problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and non-verbal intelligence quotient (Non-verbal IQ) in childhood (4-10 years), early adolescence (11-16 years), and late adolescence (17-20 years). We used 1-stage individual participant data meta-analyses using generalized linear models.MethodsWe used harmonized data of 109,481 children from 8 European birth cohorts. Birth weight, gestational age, and body mass index (BMI) tertiles at the age of 2 years were used as the exposure variables. Outcomes included internalizing and externalizing problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and non-verbal intelligence quotient (Non-verbal IQ) in childhood (4-10 years), early adolescence (11-16 years), and late adolescence (17-20 years). We used 1-stage individual participant data meta-analyses using generalized linear models.A one-week older gestational age was associated with lower scores for internalizing problems (difference -0·48 (95% CI: -0·59, -0·37)), externalizing problems (difference -0·34 (95% CI: -0·44, -0·23)), and ADHD symptoms (difference -0·38 (95% CI: -0·49, -0·27)), and with higher scores for non-verbal IQ (difference 0·65 (95% CI: 0·41, 0·89)). As compared to term birth, preterm birth was associated with higher internalizing problems (difference 3·43 (95% CI: 2·52, 4·33)) and externalizing problems (difference 2·31 (95% CI: 1·16, 3·46)), ADHD symptoms (difference 4·15 (95% CI: 3·15, 5·16)), ASD symptoms (difference 3·23 (95% CI: 0·37, 6·08)), and lower non-verbal IQ (difference -5·44 (95% CI: -7·44, -3·44)). Small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) in comparison with appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) was associated with higher ADHD symptoms (difference 4·88 (95% CI: 3·87, 5·90)) and lower Non-verbal IQ (difference -7·02 (95% CI: -8·84, -5·21)). Large size for gestational age at birth was associated with lower ADHD symptoms (difference -1·09 (95% CI: -1·73, 0·45)) and higher non-verbal IQ (difference 2·47 (95% CI: 0·77, 4·18)). Explorative analyses showed that as compared to children with an appropriate size for gestational age at birth and a normal BMI at the age of 2 years, children born SGA who remained small at 2 years had the lowest non-verbal IQ score (difference -8·14 percentiles (95% CI: -11·89, -4·39)).FindingsA one-week older gestational age was associated with lower scores for internalizing problems (difference -0·48 (95% CI: -0·59, -0·37)), externalizing problems (difference -0·34 (95% CI: -0·44, -0·23)), and ADHD symptoms (difference -0·38 (95% CI: -0·49, -0·27)), and with higher scores for non-verbal IQ (difference 0·65 (95% CI: 0·41, 0·89)). As compared to term birth, preterm birth was associated with higher internalizing problems (difference 3·43 (95% CI: 2·52, 4·33)) and externalizing problems (difference 2·31 (95% CI: 1·16, 3·46)), ADHD symptoms (difference 4·15 (95% CI: 3·15, 5·16)), ASD symptoms (difference 3·23 (95% CI: 0·37, 6·08)), and lower non-verbal IQ (difference -5·44 (95% CI: -7·44, -3·44)). Small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) in comparison with appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) was associated with higher ADHD symptoms (difference 4·88 (95% CI: 3·87, 5·90)) and lower Non-verbal IQ (difference -7·02 (95% CI: -8·84, -5·21)). Large size for gestational age at birth was associated with lower ADHD symptoms (difference -1·09 (95% CI: -1·73, 0·45)) and higher non-verbal IQ (difference 2·47 (95% CI: 0·77, 4·18)). Explorative analyses showed that as compared to children with an appropriate size for gestational age at birth and a normal BMI at the age of 2 years, children born SGA who remained small at 2 years had the lowest non-verbal IQ score (difference -8·14 percentiles (95% CI: -11·89, -4·39)).Both fetal and early childhood growth are associated with emotional, behavioral and cognitive outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. Compensatory infant growth might partly attenuate the adverse effects of suboptimal fetal growth. Future studies are needed to identify the potential for optimizing mental health outcomes in new generations by improving early-life growth.InterpretationBoth fetal and early childhood growth are associated with emotional, behavioral and cognitive outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. Compensatory infant growth might partly attenuate the adverse effects of suboptimal fetal growth. Future studies are needed to identify the potential for optimizing mental health outcomes in new generations by improving early-life growth.This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583).FundingThis project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583).
Fetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics and early life growth with behavior and cognitive outcomes from childhood to adolescence. We used harmonized data of 109,481 children from 8 European birth cohorts. Birth weight, gestational age, and body mass index (BMI) tertiles at the age of 2 years were used as the exposure variables. Outcomes included internalizing and externalizing problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and non-verbal intelligence quotient (Non-verbal IQ) in childhood (4-10 years), early adolescence (11-16 years), and late adolescence (17-20 years). We used 1-stage individual participant data meta-analyses using generalized linear models. A one-week older gestational age was associated with lower scores for internalizing problems (difference -0·48 (95% CI: -0·59, -0·37)), externalizing problems (difference -0·34 (95% CI: -0·44, -0·23)), and ADHD symptoms (difference -0·38 (95% CI: -0·49, -0·27)), and with higher scores for non-verbal IQ (difference 0·65 (95% CI: 0·41, 0·89)). As compared to term birth, preterm birth was associated with higher internalizing problems (difference 3·43 (95% CI: 2·52, 4·33)) and externalizing problems (difference 2·31 (95% CI: 1·16, 3·46)), ADHD symptoms (difference 4·15 (95% CI: 3·15, 5·16)), ASD symptoms (difference 3·23 (95% CI: 0·37, 6·08)), and lower non-verbal IQ (difference -5·44 (95% CI: -7·44, -3·44)). Small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) in comparison with appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) was associated with higher ADHD symptoms (difference 4·88 (95% CI: 3·87, 5·90)) and lower Non-verbal IQ (difference -7·02 (95% CI: -8·84, -5·21)). Large size for gestational age at birth was associated with lower ADHD symptoms (difference -1·09 (95% CI: -1·73, 0·45)) and higher non-verbal IQ (difference 2·47 (95% CI: 0·77, 4·18)). Explorative analyses showed that as compared to children with an appropriate size for gestational age at birth and a normal BMI at the age of 2 years, children born SGA who remained small at 2 years had the lowest non-verbal IQ score (difference -8·14 percentiles (95% CI: -11·89, -4·39)). Both fetal and early childhood growth are associated with emotional, behavioral and cognitive outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. Compensatory infant growth might partly attenuate the adverse effects of suboptimal fetal growth. Future studies are needed to identify the potential for optimizing mental health outcomes in new generations by improving early-life growth. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583).
Background: Fetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics and early life growth with behavior and cognitive outcomes from childhood to adolescence.Methods: We used harmonized data of 109,481 children from 8 European birth cohorts. Birth weight, gestational age, and body mass index (BMI) tertiles at the age of 2 years were used as the exposure variables. Outcomes included internalizing and externalizing problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and non-verbal intelligence quotient (Non-verbal IQ) in childhood (4-10 years), early adolescence (11-16 years), and late adolescence (17-20 years). We used 1-stage individual participant data meta-analyses using generalized linear models.Findings: A one-week older gestational age was associated with lower scores for internalizing problems (difference -0·48 (95% CI: -0·59, -0·37)), externalizing problems (difference -0·34 (95% CI: -0·44, -0·23)), and ADHD symptoms (difference -0·38 (95% CI: -0·49, -0·27)), and with higher scores for non-verbal IQ (difference 0·65 (95% CI: 0·41, 0·89)). As compared to term birth, preterm birth was associated with higher internalizing problems (difference 3·43 (95% CI: 2·52, 4·33)) and externalizing problems (difference 2·31 (95% CI: 1·16, 3·46)), ADHD symptoms (difference 4·15 (95% CI: 3·15, 5·16)), ASD symptoms (difference 3·23 (95% CI: 0·37, 6·08)), and lower non-verbal IQ (difference -5·44 (95% CI: -7·44, -3·44)). Small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) in comparison with appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) was associated with higher ADHD symptoms (difference 4·88 (95% CI: 3·87, 5·90)) and lower Non-verbal IQ (difference -7·02 (95% CI: -8·84, -5·21)). Large size for gestational age at birth was associated with lower ADHD symptoms (difference -1·09 (95% CI: -1·73, 0·45)) and higher non-verbal IQ (difference 2·47 (95% CI: 0·77, 4·18)). Explorative analyses showed that as compared to children with an appropriate size for gestational age at birth and a normal BMI at the age of 2 years, children born SGA who remained small at 2 years had the lowest non-verbal IQ score (difference -8·14 percentiles (95% CI: -11·89, -4·39)).Interpretation: Both fetal and early childhood growth are associated with emotional, behavioral and cognitive outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. Compensatory infant growth might partly attenuate the adverse effects of suboptimal fetal growth. Future studies are needed to identify the potential for optimizing mental health outcomes in new generations by improving early-life growth.Funding: This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583).
ArticleNumber 101247
Author Guerlich, Kathrin
Pinot de Moira, Angela
Lertxundi, Aitana
Verduci, Elvira
Heude, Barbara
Welten, Marieke
Blaauwendraad, Sophia
Tafflet, Muriel
Elhakeem, Ahmed
Grote, Veit
Yang, Tiffany C.
García-Baquero Moneo, Gonzalo
Escribano, Joaquin
Vrijheid, Martine
Jaddoe, Vincent W.V.
Santorelli, Gillian
Vainqueur, Chloe
Avraam, Demetris
de Groot, Jasmin
Etienne, Louise
Gaillard, Romy
Gruszfeld, Dariusz
Wright, John
McEachan, Rosie
Charles, Marie-Aline
Soares, Ana Gonçalves
Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine
El Marroun, Hanan
Guxens, Monica
Koletzko, Berthold
Gonçalves, Romy
Beneíto, Andrea
Lozano, Manuel
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  fullname: Etienne, Louise
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  givenname: Dariusz
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  organization: Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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  fullname: Heude, Barbara
  organization: Université de Paris, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Inserm, Inrae, Paris, France
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  surname: Koletzko
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  givenname: Manuel
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  fullname: Santorelli, Gillian
  organization: Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom
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  givenname: Katrine
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  fullname: Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine
  organization: Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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  organization: Université de Paris, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Inserm, Inrae, Paris, France
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Keywords Preterm birth
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Birth weight
Cognition
Infant growth
Behavior
Autism spectrum disorder
Intelligence quotient
Language English
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Snippet Fetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth characteristics...
SummaryBackgroundFetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth...
Background: Fetal and infant development might be critical for cognitive outcomes and psychopathology later in life. We assessed the associations of birth...
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SubjectTerms Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
Behavior
Birth weight
Cognition
Environmental Sciences
Infant growth
Intelligence quotient
Internal Medicine
Life Sciences
Preterm birth
Public Health
Statistics
Title Early-life growth and emotional, behavior and cognitive outcomes in childhood and adolescence in the EU child cohort network: individual participant data meta-analysis of over 109,000 individuals
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https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101247
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40094119
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC11910110
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