Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms

Microbes in the gastrointestinal tract are under selective pressure to manipulate host eating behavior to increase their fitness, sometimes at the expense of host fitness. Microbes may do this through two potential strategies: (i) generating cravings for foods that they specialize on or foods that s...

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Vydáno v:	BioEssays Ročník 36; číslo 10; s. 940 - 949
Hlavní autoři:	Alcock, Joe, Maley, Carlo C., Aktipis, C. Athena
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.10.2014 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc WILEY Periodicals, Inc
Témata:	Animals Antibiotics Biological Evolution cravings Eating behavior evolutionary conflict Feeding Behavior Food Gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology host manipulation Humans microbiome Microbiota Models, Biological Nutrition education obesity Obesity - etiology Prospects & Overviews Toxins microbiota evolutionary conflict cravings microbiome obesity host manipulation
ISSN:	0265-9247, 1521-1878, 1521-1878
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
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Popis
Shrnutí:	Microbes in the gastrointestinal tract are under selective pressure to manipulate host eating behavior to increase their fitness, sometimes at the expense of host fitness. Microbes may do this through two potential strategies: (i) generating cravings for foods that they specialize on or foods that suppress their competitors, or (ii) inducing dysphoria until we eat foods that enhance their fitness. We review several potential mechanisms for microbial control over eating behavior including microbial influence on reward and satiety pathways, production of toxins that alter mood, changes to receptors including taste receptors, and hijacking of the vagus nerve, the neural axis between the gut and the brain. We also review the evidence for alternative explanations for cravings and unhealthy eating behavior. Because microbiota are easily manipulatable by prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, fecal transplants, and dietary changes, altering our microbiota offers a tractable approach to otherwise intractable problems of obesity and unhealthy eating. Nutrient competition affects all biological communities, including the human microbiota. Selection favors microbes that can influence their nutrient supply, potentially leading to microbial manipulation of human feeding behavior. Manipulation may involve neurochemical rewards, toxins, vagus nerve modulation, and manipulation of taste receptors, leading to cravings and unhealthy eating behavior.
Bibliografie:	ArticleID:BIES201400071 NIH - No. F32 CA132450; No. P01 CA91955; No. R01 CA149566; No. R01 CA170595; No. R01 CA140657 American Cancer Society, the Bonnie J. Addario Lung Cancer Foundation - No. 117209-RSG-09-163-01-CNE Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin ark:/67375/WNG-WPX3SRM7-G istex:9917F06B490E79E94A7D0D7C5C8A0B9B33E2D282 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1
ISSN:	0265-9247 1521-1878 1521-1878
DOI:	10.1002/bies.201400071