Household Air Pollution Concentrations after Liquefied Petroleum Gas Interventions in Rural Peru: Findings from a One-Year Randomized Controlled Trial Followed by a One-Year Pragmatic Crossover Trial
Household air pollution (HAP) from biomass fuel combustion remains a leading environmental risk factor for morbidity worldwide. Measure the effect of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) interventions on HAP exposures in Puno, Peru. We conducted a 1-y randomized controlled trial followed by a 1-y pragmatic...
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| Published in: | Environmental health perspectives Vol. 130; no. 5; pp. 57007 - 18 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
United States
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
01.05.2022
Environmental Health Perspectives |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0091-6765, 1552-9924, 1552-9924 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Household air pollution (HAP) from biomass fuel combustion remains a leading environmental risk factor for morbidity worldwide.
Measure the effect of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) interventions on HAP exposures in Puno, Peru.
We conducted a 1-y randomized controlled trial followed by a 1-y pragmatic crossover trial in 180 women age 25-64 y. During the first year, intervention participants received a free LPG stove, continuous fuel delivery, and regular behavioral messaging, whereas controls continued their biomass cooking practices. During the second year, control participants received a free LPG stove, regular behavioral messaging, and vouchers to obtain LPG tanks from a nearby distributor, whereas fuel distribution stopped for intervention participants. We collected 48-h kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter
(
), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) at baseline and 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months post randomization.
Baseline
(kitchen area concentrations
vs.
; personal exposure
vs.
), CO (kitchen
vs.
; personal
vs.
), and BC (kitchen
vs.
; personal
vs.
) were similar between control and intervention participants. Intervention participants had consistently lower
concentrations at the 12-month visit for kitchen (
,
, and
) and personal exposures (
,
, and
) to
, BC, and CO when compared to controls during the first year. In the second year, we observed comparable HAP reductions among controls after the voucher-based intervention for LPG fuel was implemented (24-month visit
, BC, and CO kitchen mean concentrations of
,
, and
and personal exposures of
,
, and
, respectively), and average reductions were present among intervention participants even after free fuel distribution stopped (24-month visit
, BC, and CO kitchen mean concentrations of
,
, and
and personal exposures of
,
, and
, respectively).
Both home delivery and voucher-based provision of free LPG over a 1-y period, in combination with provision of a free LPG stove and longitudinal behavioral messaging, reduced HAP to levels below 24-h World Health Organization air quality guidelines. Moreover, the effects of the intervention on HAP persisted for a year after fuel delivery stopped. Such strategies could be applied in LPG programs to reduce HAP and potentially improve health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10054. |
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| Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 ObjectType-Undefined-3 |
| ISSN: | 0091-6765 1552-9924 1552-9924 |
| DOI: | 10.1289/EHP10054 |