Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Developing Countries: A 10-Year Review with Global Perspective
In the past two decades, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been responsible for multiple large-scale outbreaks worldwide, affecting thousands of individuals. While surveillance systems in developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, Japan, and...
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| Vydáno v: | Microorganisms (Basel) Ročník 13; číslo 7; s. 1529 |
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30.06.2025
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| ISSN: | 2076-2607, 2076-2607 |
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| Abstract | In the past two decades, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been responsible for multiple large-scale outbreaks worldwide, affecting thousands of individuals. While surveillance systems in developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, Japan, and Canada are well-established, data on STEC prevalence in developing nations remain sparse, partly due to the absence of well-structured molecular diagnostic networks or surveillance systems. This review analyzed 250 studies published between 2014 and 2024 across 39 developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, yielding 8986 STEC isolates. Detailed serogroup and serotype data were available for 55.9% of these, with O111, O157, and O26 being most common in humans. In animals, O157:H7 was most frequent, while food isolates mirrored global trends with O157 and O111 dominance. Notably, O145, a serogroup frequently reported in the U.S. and Europe, was absent from the ‘’Top Seven’’ serogroups. Shiga toxin subtypes stx1a and stx2a were most prevalent in human cases. In animal isolates, stx2e was the most prevalent subtype, while stx2c was most commonly found in food samples. We recommend establishing reference laboratories in these regions to improve data quality, strengthen monitoring efforts, and reduce the burden of STEC infections globally. |
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| AbstractList | In the past two decades, Shiga toxin-producing
(STEC) has been responsible for multiple large-scale outbreaks worldwide, affecting thousands of individuals. While surveillance systems in developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, Japan, and Canada are well-established, data on STEC prevalence in developing nations remain sparse, partly due to the absence of well-structured molecular diagnostic networks or surveillance systems. This review analyzed 250 studies published between 2014 and 2024 across 39 developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, yielding 8986 STEC isolates. Detailed serogroup and serotype data were available for 55.9% of these, with O111, O157, and O26 being most common in humans. In animals, O157:H7 was most frequent, while food isolates mirrored global trends with O157 and O111 dominance. Notably, O145, a serogroup frequently reported in the U.S. and Europe, was absent from the ''Top Seven'' serogroups. Shiga toxin subtypes
and
were most prevalent in human cases. In animal isolates,
was the most prevalent subtype, while
was most commonly found in food samples. We recommend establishing reference laboratories in these regions to improve data quality, strengthen monitoring efforts, and reduce the burden of STEC infections globally. In the past two decades, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been responsible for multiple large-scale outbreaks worldwide, affecting thousands of individuals. While surveillance systems in developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, Japan, and Canada are well-established, data on STEC prevalence in developing nations remain sparse, partly due to the absence of well-structured molecular diagnostic networks or surveillance systems. This review analyzed 250 studies published between 2014 and 2024 across 39 developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, yielding 8986 STEC isolates. Detailed serogroup and serotype data were available for 55.9% of these, with O111, O157, and O26 being most common in humans. In animals, O157:H7 was most frequent, while food isolates mirrored global trends with O157 and O111 dominance. Notably, O145, a serogroup frequently reported in the U.S. and Europe, was absent from the ‘’Top Seven’’ serogroups. Shiga toxin subtypes stx1a and stx2a were most prevalent in human cases. In animal isolates, stx2e was the most prevalent subtype, while stx2c was most commonly found in food samples. We recommend establishing reference laboratories in these regions to improve data quality, strengthen monitoring efforts, and reduce the burden of STEC infections globally. In the past two decades, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been responsible for multiple large-scale outbreaks worldwide, affecting thousands of individuals. While surveillance systems in developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, Japan, and Canada are well-established, data on STEC prevalence in developing nations remain sparse, partly due to the absence of well-structured molecular diagnostic networks or surveillance systems. This review analyzed 250 studies published between 2014 and 2024 across 39 developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, yielding 8986 STEC isolates. Detailed serogroup and serotype data were available for 55.9% of these, with O111, O157, and O26 being most common in humans. In animals, O157:H7 was most frequent, while food isolates mirrored global trends with O157 and O111 dominance. Notably, O145, a serogroup frequently reported in the U.S. and Europe, was absent from the ''Top Seven'' serogroups. Shiga toxin subtypes stx1a and stx2a were most prevalent in human cases. In animal isolates, stx2e was the most prevalent subtype, while stx2c was most commonly found in food samples. We recommend establishing reference laboratories in these regions to improve data quality, strengthen monitoring efforts, and reduce the burden of STEC infections globally.In the past two decades, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been responsible for multiple large-scale outbreaks worldwide, affecting thousands of individuals. While surveillance systems in developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, Japan, and Canada are well-established, data on STEC prevalence in developing nations remain sparse, partly due to the absence of well-structured molecular diagnostic networks or surveillance systems. This review analyzed 250 studies published between 2014 and 2024 across 39 developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, yielding 8986 STEC isolates. Detailed serogroup and serotype data were available for 55.9% of these, with O111, O157, and O26 being most common in humans. In animals, O157:H7 was most frequent, while food isolates mirrored global trends with O157 and O111 dominance. Notably, O145, a serogroup frequently reported in the U.S. and Europe, was absent from the ''Top Seven'' serogroups. Shiga toxin subtypes stx1a and stx2a were most prevalent in human cases. In animal isolates, stx2e was the most prevalent subtype, while stx2c was most commonly found in food samples. We recommend establishing reference laboratories in these regions to improve data quality, strengthen monitoring efforts, and reduce the burden of STEC infections globally. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Saberi Kakhki, Soroush Sabeti Moghaddam Sabzevar, Alireza Gigliucci, Federica Nemati, Ali Dadvar, Ali Badouei, Mahdi Askari Hafiz, Maryam Karimpour, Zohreh Santos, Luis Fernando dos Eppinger, Mark Nakamura, Keiji Javidi, Hooman |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX 78249-0600, USA 3 Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-0600, USA 6 Center of Bacteriology (National Reference Laboratory for STEC Infections and HUS), Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; luis.santos@ial.sp.gov.br 1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran; bac.fum@gmail.com (A.N.); zohrehkarimpour1@gmail.com (Z.K.); soroushsaberikakhki@gmail.com (S.S.K.); alirezasabeti79@gmail.com (A.S.M.S.); askari.m@um.ac.ir (M.A.B.); hoomanhd1@gmail.com (H.J.); maryam.hafiz69@yahoo.com (M.H.) 2 Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; ali.dadvar@ki.se 7 Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; nakamura.keiji.046@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp 5 European U |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Escherichia coli Including Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (STEC), Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; federica.gigliucci@iss.it – name: 2 Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; ali.dadvar@ki.se – name: 7 Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; nakamura.keiji.046@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp – name: 6 Center of Bacteriology (National Reference Laboratory for STEC Infections and HUS), Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; luis.santos@ial.sp.gov.br – name: 1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran; bac.fum@gmail.com (A.N.); zohrehkarimpour1@gmail.com (Z.K.); soroushsaberikakhki@gmail.com (S.S.K.); alirezasabeti79@gmail.com (A.S.M.S.); askari.m@um.ac.ir (M.A.B.); hoomanhd1@gmail.com (H.J.); maryam.hafiz69@yahoo.com (M.H.) – name: 4 South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX 78249-0600, USA – name: 3 Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-0600, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ali orcidid: 0000-0002-8093-4713 surname: Nemati fullname: Nemati, Ali – sequence: 2 givenname: Ali orcidid: 0009-0001-0938-5125 surname: Dadvar fullname: Dadvar, Ali – sequence: 3 givenname: Mark surname: Eppinger fullname: Eppinger, Mark – sequence: 4 givenname: Zohreh surname: Karimpour fullname: Karimpour, Zohreh – sequence: 5 givenname: Soroush surname: Saberi Kakhki fullname: Saberi Kakhki, Soroush – sequence: 6 givenname: Alireza orcidid: 0009-0003-2191-0257 surname: Sabeti Moghaddam Sabzevar fullname: Sabeti Moghaddam Sabzevar, Alireza – sequence: 7 givenname: Mahdi Askari orcidid: 0000-0001-5051-813X surname: Badouei fullname: Badouei, Mahdi Askari – sequence: 8 givenname: Federica orcidid: 0000-0002-4638-9598 surname: Gigliucci fullname: Gigliucci, Federica – sequence: 9 givenname: Luis Fernando dos orcidid: 0000-0002-6158-5247 surname: Santos fullname: Santos, Luis Fernando dos – sequence: 10 givenname: Keiji orcidid: 0000-0002-8500-9359 surname: Nakamura fullname: Nakamura, Keiji – sequence: 11 givenname: Hooman orcidid: 0009-0003-6058-9785 surname: Javidi fullname: Javidi, Hooman – sequence: 12 givenname: Maryam surname: Hafiz fullname: Hafiz, Maryam |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40732038$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_applmicrobiol5030087 crossref_primary_10_1128_asmcr_00046_25 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_11905_y |
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| Keywords | developing countries serogroup STEC animal Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli human food serotype |
| Language | English |
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| Snippet | In the past two decades, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been responsible for multiple large-scale outbreaks worldwide, affecting thousands... In the past two decades, Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) has been responsible for multiple large-scale outbreaks worldwide, affecting thousands of individuals.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Developed countries Developing countries Disease E coli Epidemics Escherichia coli Food Food contamination & poisoning Genes human Infections Information management LDCs Medical Subject Headings-MeSH Public health Review serogroup serotype Shiga toxin Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli STEC Surveillance Surveillance systems Toxins Virulence |
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| Title | Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Developing Countries: A 10-Year Review with Global Perspective |
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| Volume | 13 |
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