Gait assessment using a 2D video-based motion analysis app in healthy subjects and subjects with lower limb amputation – A pilot study

Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a com...

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Veröffentlicht in:PloS one Jg. 20; H. 5; S. e0324499
Hauptverfasser: Doerks, Frithjof, Harms, Fenna, Schwarze, Michael, Jakubowitz, Eike, Welke, Bastian
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: United States Public Library of Science 30.05.2025
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ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a commercial and easy-to-use tool is now available for implementation in everyday clinical practice. The study investigates the accuracy of the 2D video-based system in measuring joint kinematics, expressed as range of motion, compared to an optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system as the gold standard. Its accuracy was determined by synchronously measuring ten healthy subjects with Orthelligent and the optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system Qualisys (Qualisys AB) during level walking and at different treadmill walking speeds (1 m/s; 1.4 m/s; 1.8 m/s). Range of motion (RoM) of lower limb joints and time-distance parameters were compared using Bland-Altman plots, t-tests, and correlations between systems. Kinematic outputs of two subjects with a lower limb amputation were also analyzed. The mean RoM deviation was smaller for the knee (3.8°) and hip joints (3.7°) than for the ankle joint (5.4°), but differed significantly between systems in most conditions. The correlation range was 0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.83, with best results for 1 m/s treadmill walking (mean r = 0.71 across joints). While the accuracy was affected by high inter-subject variability, individual RoM changes from slow to fast walking did not differ between the systems. The kinematics of the prosthetic and sound leg of individuals with an amputation exhibited characteristic patterns in the video-based system, even though side differences were smaller compared to the optoelectronic measurement. The rather high inter-subject variability would make future comparisons between individuals challenging. Nonetheless, the app shows potential for intra-subject progress monitoring.
AbstractList Introduction Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a commercial and easy-to-use tool is now available for implementation in everyday clinical practice. The study investigates the accuracy of the 2D video-based system in measuring joint kinematics, expressed as range of motion, compared to an optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system as the gold standard. Materials and methods Its accuracy was determined by synchronously measuring ten healthy subjects with Orthelligent and the optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system Qualisys (Qualisys AB) during level walking and at different treadmill walking speeds (1 m/s; 1.4 m/s; 1.8 m/s). Range of motion (RoM) of lower limb joints and time-distance parameters were compared using Bland-Altman plots, t-tests, and correlations between systems. Kinematic outputs of two subjects with a lower limb amputation were also analyzed. Results The mean RoM deviation was smaller for the knee (3.8°) and hip joints (3.7°) than for the ankle joint (5.4°), but differed significantly between systems in most conditions. The correlation range was 0.36 ≤  r  ≤ 0.83, with best results for 1 m/s treadmill walking (mean r  = 0.71 across joints). While the accuracy was affected by high inter-subject variability, individual RoM changes from slow to fast walking did not differ between the systems. The kinematics of the prosthetic and sound leg of individuals with an amputation exhibited characteristic patterns in the video-based system, even though side differences were smaller compared to the optoelectronic measurement. Conclusions The rather high inter-subject variability would make future comparisons between individuals challenging. Nonetheless, the app shows potential for intra-subject progress monitoring.
Introduction Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a commercial and easy-to-use tool is now available for implementation in everyday clinical practice. The study investigates the accuracy of the 2D video-based system in measuring joint kinematics, expressed as range of motion, compared to an optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system as the gold standard. Materials and methods Its accuracy was determined by synchronously measuring ten healthy subjects with Orthelligent and the optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system Qualisys (Qualisys AB) during level walking and at different treadmill walking speeds (1 m/s; 1.4 m/s; 1.8 m/s). Range of motion (RoM) of lower limb joints and time-distance parameters were compared using Bland-Altman plots, t-tests, and correlations between systems. Kinematic outputs of two subjects with a lower limb amputation were also analyzed. Results The mean RoM deviation was smaller for the knee (3.8°) and hip joints (3.7°) than for the ankle joint (5.4°), but differed significantly between systems in most conditions. The correlation range was 0.36 [less than or equal to] r [less than or equal to] 0.83, with best results for 1 m/s treadmill walking (mean r = 0.71 across joints). While the accuracy was affected by high inter-subject variability, individual RoM changes from slow to fast walking did not differ between the systems. The kinematics of the prosthetic and sound leg of individuals with an amputation exhibited characteristic patterns in the video-based system, even though side differences were smaller compared to the optoelectronic measurement. Conclusions The rather high inter-subject variability would make future comparisons between individuals challenging. Nonetheless, the app shows potential for intra-subject progress monitoring.
IntroductionAlthough three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a commercial and easy-to-use tool is now available for implementation in everyday clinical practice. The study investigates the accuracy of the 2D video-based system in measuring joint kinematics, expressed as range of motion, compared to an optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system as the gold standard.Materials and methodsIts accuracy was determined by synchronously measuring ten healthy subjects with Orthelligent and the optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system Qualisys (Qualisys AB) during level walking and at different treadmill walking speeds (1 m/s; 1.4 m/s; 1.8 m/s). Range of motion (RoM) of lower limb joints and time-distance parameters were compared using Bland-Altman plots, t-tests, and correlations between systems. Kinematic outputs of two subjects with a lower limb amputation were also analyzed.ResultsThe mean RoM deviation was smaller for the knee (3.8°) and hip joints (3.7°) than for the ankle joint (5.4°), but differed significantly between systems in most conditions. The correlation range was 0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.83, with best results for 1 m/s treadmill walking (mean r = 0.71 across joints). While the accuracy was affected by high inter-subject variability, individual RoM changes from slow to fast walking did not differ between the systems. The kinematics of the prosthetic and sound leg of individuals with an amputation exhibited characteristic patterns in the video-based system, even though side differences were smaller compared to the optoelectronic measurement.ConclusionsThe rather high inter-subject variability would make future comparisons between individuals challenging. Nonetheless, the app shows potential for intra-subject progress monitoring.
Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a commercial and easy-to-use tool is now available for implementation in everyday clinical practice. The study investigates the accuracy of the 2D video-based system in measuring joint kinematics, expressed as range of motion, compared to an optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system as the gold standard.INTRODUCTIONAlthough three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a commercial and easy-to-use tool is now available for implementation in everyday clinical practice. The study investigates the accuracy of the 2D video-based system in measuring joint kinematics, expressed as range of motion, compared to an optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system as the gold standard.Its accuracy was determined by synchronously measuring ten healthy subjects with Orthelligent and the optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system Qualisys (Qualisys AB) during level walking and at different treadmill walking speeds (1 m/s; 1.4 m/s; 1.8 m/s). Range of motion (RoM) of lower limb joints and time-distance parameters were compared using Bland-Altman plots, t-tests, and correlations between systems. Kinematic outputs of two subjects with a lower limb amputation were also analyzed.MATERIALS AND METHODSIts accuracy was determined by synchronously measuring ten healthy subjects with Orthelligent and the optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system Qualisys (Qualisys AB) during level walking and at different treadmill walking speeds (1 m/s; 1.4 m/s; 1.8 m/s). Range of motion (RoM) of lower limb joints and time-distance parameters were compared using Bland-Altman plots, t-tests, and correlations between systems. Kinematic outputs of two subjects with a lower limb amputation were also analyzed.The mean RoM deviation was smaller for the knee (3.8°) and hip joints (3.7°) than for the ankle joint (5.4°), but differed significantly between systems in most conditions. The correlation range was 0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.83, with best results for 1 m/s treadmill walking (mean r = 0.71 across joints). While the accuracy was affected by high inter-subject variability, individual RoM changes from slow to fast walking did not differ between the systems. The kinematics of the prosthetic and sound leg of individuals with an amputation exhibited characteristic patterns in the video-based system, even though side differences were smaller compared to the optoelectronic measurement.RESULTSThe mean RoM deviation was smaller for the knee (3.8°) and hip joints (3.7°) than for the ankle joint (5.4°), but differed significantly between systems in most conditions. The correlation range was 0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.83, with best results for 1 m/s treadmill walking (mean r = 0.71 across joints). While the accuracy was affected by high inter-subject variability, individual RoM changes from slow to fast walking did not differ between the systems. The kinematics of the prosthetic and sound leg of individuals with an amputation exhibited characteristic patterns in the video-based system, even though side differences were smaller compared to the optoelectronic measurement.The rather high inter-subject variability would make future comparisons between individuals challenging. Nonetheless, the app shows potential for intra-subject progress monitoring.CONCLUSIONSThe rather high inter-subject variability would make future comparisons between individuals challenging. Nonetheless, the app shows potential for intra-subject progress monitoring.
Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a commercial and easy-to-use tool is now available for implementation in everyday clinical practice. The study investigates the accuracy of the 2D video-based system in measuring joint kinematics, expressed as range of motion, compared to an optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system as the gold standard. Its accuracy was determined by synchronously measuring ten healthy subjects with Orthelligent and the optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system Qualisys (Qualisys AB) during level walking and at different treadmill walking speeds (1 m/s; 1.4 m/s; 1.8 m/s). Range of motion (RoM) of lower limb joints and time-distance parameters were compared using Bland-Altman plots, t-tests, and correlations between systems. Kinematic outputs of two subjects with a lower limb amputation were also analyzed. The mean RoM deviation was smaller for the knee (3.8°) and hip joints (3.7°) than for the ankle joint (5.4°), but differed significantly between systems in most conditions. The correlation range was 0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.83, with best results for 1 m/s treadmill walking (mean r = 0.71 across joints). While the accuracy was affected by high inter-subject variability, individual RoM changes from slow to fast walking did not differ between the systems. The kinematics of the prosthetic and sound leg of individuals with an amputation exhibited characteristic patterns in the video-based system, even though side differences were smaller compared to the optoelectronic measurement. The rather high inter-subject variability would make future comparisons between individuals challenging. Nonetheless, the app shows potential for intra-subject progress monitoring.
Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The conjunction of monocular video recordings with pose estimation algorithms addresses this gap. With the Orthelligent VISION app (OPED GmbH) a commercial and easy-to-use tool is now available for implementation in everyday clinical practice. The study investigates the accuracy of the 2D video-based system in measuring joint kinematics, expressed as range of motion, compared to an optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system as the gold standard. Its accuracy was determined by synchronously measuring ten healthy subjects with Orthelligent and the optoelectronic 3D motion analysis system Qualisys (Qualisys AB) during level walking and at different treadmill walking speeds (1 m/s; 1.4 m/s; 1.8 m/s). Range of motion (RoM) of lower limb joints and time-distance parameters were compared using Bland-Altman plots, t-tests, and correlations between systems. Kinematic outputs of two subjects with a lower limb amputation were also analyzed. The mean RoM deviation was smaller for the knee (3.8°) and hip joints (3.7°) than for the ankle joint (5.4°), but differed significantly between systems in most conditions. The correlation range was 0.36 [less than or equal to] r [less than or equal to] 0.83, with best results for 1 m/s treadmill walking (mean r = 0.71 across joints). While the accuracy was affected by high inter-subject variability, individual RoM changes from slow to fast walking did not differ between the systems. The kinematics of the prosthetic and sound leg of individuals with an amputation exhibited characteristic patterns in the video-based system, even though side differences were smaller compared to the optoelectronic measurement. The rather high inter-subject variability would make future comparisons between individuals challenging. Nonetheless, the app shows potential for intra-subject progress monitoring.
Audience Academic
Author Schwarze, Michael
Welke, Bastian
Doerks, Frithjof
Harms, Fenna
Jakubowitz, Eike
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  surname: Schwarze
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  surname: Jakubowitz
  fullname: Jakubowitz, Eike
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  givenname: Bastian
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2526-8129
  surname: Welke
  fullname: Welke, Bastian
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40445923$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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2025 Doerks et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2025 Doerks et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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– notice: 2025 Doerks et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2025 Doerks et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Snippet Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and cost-intensive. The...
Introduction Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and...
IntroductionAlthough three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and...
Introduction Although three-dimensional marker-based motion analysis is the gold standard for biomechanical investigations, it is time-consuming and...
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SubjectTerms Accuracy
Adult
Algorithms
Amputation
Amputation, Surgical
Amputations of leg
Ankle
Ankle Joint - physiology
Biomechanical engineering
Biomechanical Phenomena
Biomechanics
Clinical medicine
Computer vision
Data analysis
Demographic aspects
Evaluation
Female
Fitness equipment
Gait
Gait - physiology
Gait Analysis - methods
Health aspects
Healthy Volunteers
Hip
Hip joint
Humans
Joints (anatomy)
Kinematics
Knee
Knee Joint - physiology
Laboratories
Lower Extremity - surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Mobile Applications
Motion capture
Optoelectronics
Patient outcomes
Physiological aspects
Pilot Projects
Pose estimation
Prostheses
Range of Motion, Articular - physiology
Running
Smartphones
Three dimensional analysis
Three dimensional motion
Treadmills
Two dimensional analysis
Variability
Walking
Walking - physiology
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Title Gait assessment using a 2D video-based motion analysis app in healthy subjects and subjects with lower limb amputation – A pilot study
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Volume 20
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