Effects of incorporating nanosized calcium phosphate particles on properties of whisker-reinforced dental composites

Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically‐strong and caries‐inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships betwee...

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Vydané v:	Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials Ročník 81B; číslo 1; s. 116 - 125
Hlavní autori:	Xu, Hockin H. K., Sun, Limin, Weir, Mike D., Takagi, Shozo, Chow, Laurence C., Hockey, Bernard
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.04.2007
Predmet:	Ca and PO4 release Calcium Phosphates - chemistry Carbon Compounds, Inorganic - chemistry Composite Resins - chemistry Dental Caries - prevention & control dental composite Dental Materials - chemistry elastic modulus Elasticity flexural strength Materials Testing nanoparticles Nanoparticles - chemistry Particle Size Silicon Compounds - chemistry Tensile Strength tooth caries whisker reinforcement
ISSN:	1552-4973, 1552-4981
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Abstract	Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically‐strong and caries‐inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1–56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean ± SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 ± 26 MPa to 138 ± 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 ± 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 ± 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 ± 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 ± 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 ± 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction vMCPM in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 v MCPM2.7, and [PO4] = 48.7 v MCPM1.4. In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca‐ and PO4‐releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress‐bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca–PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress‐bearing and caries‐preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
AbstractList	Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically-strong and caries-inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1-56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean +/- SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 +/- 26 MPa to 138 +/- 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 +/- 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 +/- 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 +/- 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 +/- 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction v(MCPM) in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 v(MCPM) (2.7), and [PO4] = 48.7 v(MCPM) (1.4). In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca- and PO4-releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress-bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca-PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress-bearing and caries-preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials.Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically-strong and caries-inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1-56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean +/- SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 +/- 26 MPa to 138 +/- 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 +/- 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 +/- 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 +/- 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 +/- 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction v(MCPM) in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 v(MCPM) (2.7), and [PO4] = 48.7 v(MCPM) (1.4). In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca- and PO4-releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress-bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca-PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress-bearing and caries-preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials. Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically‐strong and caries‐inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1–56 days to measure Ca and PO 4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean ± SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 ± 26 MPa to 138 ± 9 MPa ( p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 ± 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 ± 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 ± 0.06 mmol/L ( p < 0.05). The corresponding PO 4 concentration increased from 3.88 ± 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 ± 0.69 mmol/L ( p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction v MCPM in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 v , and [PO 4 ] = 48.7 v . In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca‐ and PO 4 ‐releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress‐bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca–PO 4 fillers in developing composites with high stress‐bearing and caries‐preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006 Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically‐strong and caries‐inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1–56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean ± SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 ± 26 MPa to 138 ± 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 ± 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 ± 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 ± 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 ± 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 ± 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction vMCPM in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 v MCPM2.7, and [PO4] = 48.7 v MCPM1.4. In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca‐ and PO4‐releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress‐bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca–PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress‐bearing and caries‐preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006 Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically-strong and caries-inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1-56 days to measure Ca and P04 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean +/- SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 +/- 26 MPa to 138 +/- 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 +/- 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 +/- 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 +/- 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 +/- 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction vvwpM in the resin: [Ca] = 42.9 vMCPM2.7, and [PO4] = 48.7 vMCPM1.4. In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca- and PO4-releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress-bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca-PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress-bearing and caries-preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials. Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically-strong and caries-inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1–56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean ± SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 ± 26 MPa to 138 ± 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 ± 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 ± 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 ± 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 ± 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 ± 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction vMCPM in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 vMCPM2.7, and [PO4] = 48.7 vMCPM1.4. In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca- and PO4-releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress-bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca–PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress-bearing and caries-preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials. Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically-strong and caries-inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1-56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean +/- SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 +/- 26 MPa to 138 +/- 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 +/- 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 +/- 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 +/- 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 +/- 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction v(MCPM) in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 v(MCPM) (2.7), and [PO4] = 48.7 v(MCPM) (1.4). In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca- and PO4-releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress-bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca-PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress-bearing and caries-preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials. Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically-strong and caries-inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1-56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean - SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 - 26 MPa to 138 - 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 - 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 - 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 - 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 - 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 - 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction vMCPM in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 v, and [PO4] = 48.7 v. In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca- and PO4-releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress-bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca-PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress-bearing and caries-preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials.
Author	Sun, Limin Hockey, Bernard Takagi, Shozo Chow, Laurence C. Xu, Hockin H. K. Weir, Mike D.
AuthorAffiliation	2 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899 1 Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899 – name: 2 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Hockin H. K. surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Hockin H. K. email: hockin.xu@nist.gov organization: Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899 – sequence: 2 givenname: Limin surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Limin organization: Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899 – sequence: 3 givenname: Mike D. surname: Weir fullname: Weir, Mike D. organization: Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899 – sequence: 4 givenname: Shozo surname: Takagi fullname: Takagi, Shozo organization: Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899 – sequence: 5 givenname: Laurence C. surname: Chow fullname: Chow, Laurence C. organization: Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899 – sequence: 6 givenname: Bernard surname: Hockey fullname: Hockey, Bernard organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924611$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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References	Xu HHK, Smith DT, Simon CG. Strong and bioactive composites containing nano-silica-fused whiskers for bone repair. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 4615-4626. Xu HHK, Eichmiller FC, Smith DT, Schumacher GE, Giuseppetti AA, Antonucci JM. Effect of thermal cycling on whisker-reinforced dental resin composites. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 2002; 13: 875-883. Xu HHK, Quinn JB, Giuseppetti AA. Wear and mechanical properties of nano-silica-fused whisker composites. J Dent Res 2004; 83: 930-935. Frencken JE, van't Hof MA, van Amerongen WE, Holmgren CJ. Effectiveness of single-surface ART restorations in the permanent dentition: A meta-analysis. J Dent Res 2004; 83: 120-123. Dickens SH, Flaim GM, Takagi S. Mechanical properties and biochemical activity of remineralizing resin-based Ca-PO4 cements. Dent Mater 2003; 19: 558-566. Chow LC, Sun L, Hockey B. Properties of nanostructured hydroxyapatite prepared by a spray drying technique. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2004; 109: 543-551. Marshall GWJr. Dentin: Microstructure and characterization. Quintessence Intl 1993; 24: 606-617. O'Donnell JNR, Antonucci JM, Skrtic D. Mechanical properties of amorphous calcium phosphate composites. J Dent Res 2005; 84 (IADR Abstract No. 586). Bayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJJr, Stamatiades P, Wilkerson M. A characterization of first-generation flowable composites. J Am Dent Assoc 1998; 129: 567-577. Dentistry-Polymer-based fillings, restorative and luting materials, 3rd ed., ISO/FDIS 4049, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000. Vogel GL, Chow LC, Brown WE. A microanalytical procedure for the determination of calcium, phosphate and fluoride in enamel biopsy samples. Caries Res 1983; 17: 23-31. Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastic and electrical insulating materials, ASTM D 790-03, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004. Sutorik AC, Paras MS, Lawrence D, Kennedy A, Hinklin T. Synthesis, characterization, and sintering behavior of calcium hydroxyapatite powders with average particle diameters of 150 nm. Ceram Trans 2003; 147: 73-82. Dickens SH, Flaim GM, Floyd CJE. Effect of resin composition on mechanical and physical properties of calcium phosphate filled bonding systems. Polym Prepr 2004; 45: 329-330. Skrtic D, Hailer AW, Takagi S, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED. Quantitative assessment of the efficacy of amorphous calcium phosphate/methacrylate composites in remineralizing caries-like lesions artificially produced in bovine enamel. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 1679-1686. Ferracane JL, Berge HX, Condon JR. In vitro aging of dental composites in water-Effect of degree of conversion, filler volume, and filler/matrix coupling. J Biomed Mater Res 1998; 42: 465-472. Agarwal BD, Broutman LJ. Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley; 1990. Ferracane JL. Developing a more complete understanding of stresses produced in dental composites during polymerization. Dent Mater 2005; 21: 36-42. Xu HHK, Martin TA, Antonucci JM, Eichmiller FC. Ceramic whisker reinforcement of dental composite resins. J Dent Res 1999; 78: 706-712. Söderholm KJ, Zigan M, Ragan M, Fischlschweiger W, Bergman M. Hydrolytic degradation of dental composites. J Dent Res 1984; 63: 1248-1254. Chow LC, Brown WE. A physiochemical bench-scale caries model. J Dent Res 1984; 63: 868-873. Xu HHK. Long-term water aging of whisker-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. J Dent Res 2003; 82: 48-52. Drummond JL, Bapna MS. Static and cyclic loading of fiber-reinforced dental resin. Dent Mater 2003; 19: 226-231. Xu HHK, Smith DT, Schumacher GE, Eichmiller FC. Whisker-reinforced dental core buildup composites: Effect of filler level on mechanical properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2000; 52: 812-818. Xu HHK, Eichmiller FC, Antonucci JM, Flaim GM. Single-crystalline ceramic whisker-reinforced carboxylic acid-resin composites with fluoride release. Oper Dent 2000; 25: 90-97. Carey LE, Xu HHK, Simon CG, Takagi S, Chow LC. Premixed rapid-setting calcium phosphate composites for bone repair. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 5002-5014. Xu HHK, Schumacher GE, Eichmiller FC, Peterson RC, Antonucci JM, Mueller HJ. Continuous-fiber preform reinforcement of dental resin composite restorations. Dent Mater 2003; 19: 523-530. Brown WE, Chow LC. Chemical properties of bone mineral. Ann Rev Mater Sci 1976; 6: 213-236. Skrtic D, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED, Eichmiller FC, Schumacher GE. Physiological evaluation of bioactive polymeric composites based on hybrid amorphous calcium phosphates. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 53: 381-391. Eick JD, Byerley TJ, Chappell RP, Chen GR, Bowles CQ, Chappelow CC. Properties of expanding SOC/epoxy copolymers for dental use in dental composites. Dent Mater 1993; 9: 123-127. Skrtic D, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED. Improved properties of amorphous calcium phosphate fillers in remineralizing resin composites. Dent Mater 1996; 12: 295-301. Bow JS, Liou SC, Chen SY. Structural characterization of room-temperature synthesized nano-sized β-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 3155-3161. Drummond JL, Savers EE. In vitro aging of a heat/pressure-cured composite. Dent Mater 1993; 9: 214-216. Goldberg AJ, Burstone CJ, Hadjinikolaou I, Jancar J. Screening of matrices and fibers for reinforced thermoplastics intended for dental applications. J Biomed Mater Res 1994; 28: 167-173. Mandari GJ, Frencken JE, van't Hof MA. Six-year success rates of occlusal amalgam and glass-ionomer restorations placed using three minimally intervention approaches. Caries Res 2002; 37: 246-253. Sakaguchi RL. Review of the current status and challenges for dental posterior restorative composites: Clinical, chemistry, and physical behavior considerations. Dent Mater 2005; 21: 3-6. Zhang S, Gonsalves KE. Preparation and characterization of thermally stable nanohydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 1997; 8: 25-28. Mjör IA, Moorhead JE, Dahl JE. Reasons for replacement of restorations in permanent teeth in general dental practice. Int Dent J 2000; 50: 361-366. Sarrett DC. Clinical challenges and the relevance of materials testing for posterior composite restorations. Dent Mater 2005; 21: 9-20. Ferracane JL, Mitchem JC. Properties of posterior composites: Results of a round robin testing for a specification. 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References_xml	– reference: Söderholm KJ, Zigan M, Ragan M, Fischlschweiger W, Bergman M. Hydrolytic degradation of dental composites. J Dent Res 1984; 63: 1248-1254. – reference: Xu HHK, Quinn JB, Giuseppetti AA. Wear and mechanical properties of nano-silica-fused whisker composites. J Dent Res 2004; 83: 930-935. – reference: Skrtic D, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED. Improved properties of amorphous calcium phosphate fillers in remineralizing resin composites. Dent Mater 1996; 12: 295-301. – reference: Dickens SH, Flaim GM, Takagi S. Mechanical properties and biochemical activity of remineralizing resin-based Ca-PO4 cements. Dent Mater 2003; 19: 558-566. – reference: Chow LC, Brown WE. A physiochemical bench-scale caries model. J Dent Res 1984; 63: 868-873. – reference: Drummond JL, Bapna MS. Static and cyclic loading of fiber-reinforced dental resin. Dent Mater 2003; 19: 226-231. – reference: Skrtic D, Hailer AW, Takagi S, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED. Quantitative assessment of the efficacy of amorphous calcium phosphate/methacrylate composites in remineralizing caries-like lesions artificially produced in bovine enamel. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 1679-1686. – reference: Skrtic D, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED, Eichmiller FC, Schumacher GE. Physiological evaluation of bioactive polymeric composites based on hybrid amorphous calcium phosphates. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 53: 381-391. – reference: Frencken JE, van't Hof MA, van Amerongen WE, Holmgren CJ. Effectiveness of single-surface ART restorations in the permanent dentition: A meta-analysis. J Dent Res 2004; 83: 120-123. – reference: Mjör IA, Moorhead JE, Dahl JE. Reasons for replacement of restorations in permanent teeth in general dental practice. Int Dent J 2000; 50: 361-366. – reference: O'Donnell JNR, Antonucci JM, Skrtic D. Mechanical properties of amorphous calcium phosphate composites. J Dent Res 2005; 84 (IADR Abstract No. 586). – reference: Bayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJJr, Stamatiades P, Wilkerson M. A characterization of first-generation flowable composites. J Am Dent Assoc 1998; 129: 567-577. – reference: Xu HHK, Eichmiller FC, Smith DT, Schumacher GE, Giuseppetti AA, Antonucci JM. Effect of thermal cycling on whisker-reinforced dental resin composites. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 2002; 13: 875-883. – reference: Xu HHK, Schumacher GE, Eichmiller FC, Peterson RC, Antonucci JM, Mueller HJ. Continuous-fiber preform reinforcement of dental resin composite restorations. Dent Mater 2003; 19: 523-530. – reference: Marshall GWJr. Dentin: Microstructure and characterization. Quintessence Intl 1993; 24: 606-617. – reference: Xu HHK, Smith DT, Schumacher GE, Eichmiller FC. Whisker-reinforced dental core buildup composites: Effect of filler level on mechanical properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2000; 52: 812-818. – reference: Ferracane JL, Mitchem JC. Properties of posterior composites: Results of a round robin testing for a specification. Dent Mater 1994; 10: 92-99. – reference: Ferracane JL. Developing a more complete understanding of stresses produced in dental composites during polymerization. Dent Mater 2005; 21: 36-42. – reference: Xu HHK, Smith DT, Simon CG. Strong and bioactive composites containing nano-silica-fused whiskers for bone repair. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 4615-4626. – reference: Agarwal BD, Broutman LJ. Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley; 1990. – reference: Xu HHK, Martin TA, Antonucci JM, Eichmiller FC. Ceramic whisker reinforcement of dental composite resins. J Dent Res 1999; 78: 706-712. – reference: Xu HHK, Eichmiller FC, Antonucci JM, Flaim GM. Single-crystalline ceramic whisker-reinforced carboxylic acid-resin composites with fluoride release. Oper Dent 2000; 25: 90-97. – reference: Bow JS, Liou SC, Chen SY. Structural characterization of room-temperature synthesized nano-sized β-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 3155-3161. – reference: Chow LC, Sun L, Hockey B. Properties of nanostructured hydroxyapatite prepared by a spray drying technique. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2004; 109: 543-551. – reference: Sarrett DC. Clinical challenges and the relevance of materials testing for posterior composite restorations. Dent Mater 2005; 21: 9-20. – reference: Drummond JL, Savers EE. In vitro aging of a heat/pressure-cured composite. Dent Mater 1993; 9: 214-216. – reference: Xu HHK. Long-term water aging of whisker-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. J Dent Res 2003; 82: 48-52. – reference: Sutorik AC, Paras MS, Lawrence D, Kennedy A, Hinklin T. Synthesis, characterization, and sintering behavior of calcium hydroxyapatite powders with average particle diameters of 150 nm. Ceram Trans 2003; 147: 73-82. – reference: Eick JD, Byerley TJ, Chappell RP, Chen GR, Bowles CQ, Chappelow CC. Properties of expanding SOC/epoxy copolymers for dental use in dental composites. Dent Mater 1993; 9: 123-127. – reference: Dickens SH, Flaim GM, Floyd CJE. Effect of resin composition on mechanical and physical properties of calcium phosphate filled bonding systems. Polym Prepr 2004; 45: 329-330. – reference: Vogel GL, Chow LC, Brown WE. A microanalytical procedure for the determination of calcium, phosphate and fluoride in enamel biopsy samples. Caries Res 1983; 17: 23-31. – reference: Sakaguchi RL. Review of the current status and challenges for dental posterior restorative composites: Clinical, chemistry, and physical behavior considerations. Dent Mater 2005; 21: 3-6. – reference: Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastic and electrical insulating materials, ASTM D 790-03, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004. – reference: Zhang S, Gonsalves KE. Preparation and characterization of thermally stable nanohydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 1997; 8: 25-28. – reference: Dentistry-Polymer-based fillings, restorative and luting materials, 3rd ed., ISO/FDIS 4049, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000. – reference: Brown WE, Chow LC. Chemical properties of bone mineral. Ann Rev Mater Sci 1976; 6: 213-236. – reference: Goldberg AJ, Burstone CJ, Hadjinikolaou I, Jancar J. Screening of matrices and fibers for reinforced thermoplastics intended for dental applications. J Biomed Mater Res 1994; 28: 167-173. – reference: Carey LE, Xu HHK, Simon CG, Takagi S, Chow LC. Premixed rapid-setting calcium phosphate composites for bone repair. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 5002-5014. – reference: Mandari GJ, Frencken JE, van't Hof MA. Six-year success rates of occlusal amalgam and glass-ionomer restorations placed using three minimally intervention approaches. Caries Res 2002; 37: 246-253. – reference: Ferracane JL, Berge HX, Condon JR. In vitro aging of dental composites in water-Effect of degree of conversion, filler volume, and filler/matrix coupling. 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end-page: 301 article-title: Improved properties of amorphous calcium phosphate fillers in remineralizing resin composites publication-title: Dent Mater – volume: 109 start-page: 543 year: 2004 end-page: 551 article-title: Properties of nanostructured hydroxyapatite prepared by a spray drying technique publication-title: J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol – volume: 25 start-page: 90 year: 2000 end-page: 97 article-title: Single‐crystalline ceramic whisker‐reinforced carboxylic acid‐resin composites with fluoride release publication-title: Oper Dent – volume: 25 start-page: 3155 year: 2004 end-page: 3161 article-title: Structural characterization of room‐temperature synthesized nano‐sized β‐tricalcium phosphate publication-title: Biomaterials – volume: 13 start-page: 875 year: 2002 end-page: 883 article-title: Effect of thermal cycling on whisker‐reinforced dental resin composites publication-title: J Mater Sci: Mater Med – volume: 83 start-page: 930 year: 2004 end-page: 935 article-title: Wear and mechanical properties of nano‐silica‐fused whisker composites publication-title: J Dent Res – volume: 8 start-page: 25 year: 1997 end-page: 28 article-title: Preparation and characterization of thermally stable nanohydroxyapatite publication-title: J Mater Sci: Mater Med – year: 2000 – volume: 25 start-page: 4615 year: 2004 end-page: 4626 article-title: Strong and bioactive composites containing nano‐silica‐fused whiskers for bone repair publication-title: Biomaterials – volume: 147 start-page: 73 year: 2003 end-page: 82 article-title: Synthesis, characterization, and sintering behavior of calcium hydroxyapatite powders with average particle diameters of 150 nm publication-title: Ceram Trans – volume: 50 start-page: 361 year: 2000 end-page: 366 article-title: Reasons for replacement of restorations in permanent teeth in general dental practice publication-title: Int Dent J – volume: 78 start-page: 706 year: 1999 end-page: 712 article-title: Ceramic whisker reinforcement of dental composite resins publication-title: J Dent Res – year: 1990 – volume: 75 start-page: 1679 year: 1996 end-page: 1686 article-title: Quantitative assessment of the efficacy of amorphous calcium phosphate/methacrylate composites in remineralizing caries‐like lesions artificially produced in bovine enamel publication-title: J Dent Res – volume: 52 start-page: 812 year: 2000 end-page: 818 article-title: Whisker‐reinforced dental core buildup composites: Effect of filler level on mechanical properties publication-title: J Biomed Mater Res A – volume: 21 start-page: 9 year: 2005 end-page: 20 article-title: Clinical challenges and the relevance of materials testing for posterior composite restorations publication-title: Dent Mater – volume: 9 start-page: 123 year: 1993 end-page: 127 article-title: Properties of expanding SOC/epoxy copolymers for dental use in dental composites publication-title: Dent Mater – volume: 10 start-page: 92 year: 1994 end-page: 99 article-title: Properties of posterior composites: Results of a round robin testing for a specification publication-title: Dent Mater – volume: 6 start-page: 213 year: 1976 end-page: 236 article-title: Chemical properties of bone mineral publication-title: Ann Rev Mater Sci – volume: 84 year: 2005 article-title: Mechanical properties of amorphous calcium phosphate composites publication-title: J Dent Res – volume: 83 start-page: 120 year: 2004 end-page: 123 article-title: Effectiveness of single‐surface ART restorations in the permanent dentition: A meta‐analysis publication-title: J Dent Res – volume: 19 start-page: 226 year: 2003 end-page: 231 article-title: Static and cyclic loading of fiber‐reinforced dental resin publication-title: Dent Mater – volume: 28 start-page: 167 year: 1994 end-page: 173 article-title: Screening of matrices and fibers for reinforced thermoplastics intended for dental applications publication-title: J Biomed Mater Res – volume: 9 start-page: 214 year: 1993 end-page: 216 article-title: In vitro aging of a heat/pressure‐cured composite publication-title: Dent Mater – volume: 82 start-page: 48 year: 2003 end-page: 52 article-title: Long‐term water aging of whisker‐reinforced polymer‐matrix composites publication-title: J Dent Res – volume: 26 start-page: 5002 year: 2005 end-page: 5014 article-title: Premixed rapid‐setting calcium phosphate composites for bone repair publication-title: Biomaterials – volume: 19 start-page: 523 year: 2003 end-page: 530 article-title: Continuous‐fiber preform reinforcement of dental resin composite restorations publication-title: Dent Mater – year: 2004 – volume: 24 start-page: 606 year: 1993 end-page: 617 article-title: Dentin: Microstructure and characterization publication-title: Quintessence Intl – volume: 63 start-page: 1248 year: 1984 end-page: 1254 article-title: Hydrolytic degradation of dental composites publication-title: J Dent Res – volume: 19 start-page: 558 year: 2003 end-page: 566 article-title: Mechanical properties and biochemical activity of remineralizing resin‐based Ca‐PO cements publication-title: Dent Mater – volume: 129 start-page: 567 year: 1998 end-page: 577 article-title: A characterization of first‐generation flowable composites publication-title: J Am Dent Assoc – volume: 17 start-page: 23 year: 1983 end-page: 31 article-title: A microanalytical procedure for the determination of calcium, phosphate and fluoride in enamel biopsy samples publication-title: Caries Res – volume: 42 start-page: 465 year: 1998 end-page: 472 article-title: In vitro aging of dental composites in water—Effect of degree of conversion, filler volume, and filler/matrix coupling publication-title: J Biomed Mater Res – volume: 63 start-page: 868 year: 1984 end-page: 873 article-title: A physiochemical bench‐scale caries model publication-title: J Dent Res – volume: 37 start-page: 246 year: 2002 end-page: 253 article-title: Six‐year success rates of occlusal amalgam and glass‐ionomer restorations placed using three minimally intervention approaches publication-title: Caries Res – volume-title: Dentistry—Polymer‐based fillings, restorative and luting materials year: 2000 ident: e_1_2_7_28_2 – volume-title: Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastic and electrical insulating materials year: 2004 ident: e_1_2_7_29_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_36_2 doi: 10.1002/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<812::AID-JBM26>3.0.CO;2-Y – ident: e_1_2_7_5_2 doi: 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00034-9 – ident: e_1_2_7_16_2 doi: 10.1023/A:1016504530133 – ident: e_1_2_7_19_2 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.12.058 – volume: 147 start-page: 73 year: 2003 ident: e_1_2_7_23_2 article-title: Synthesis, characterization, and sintering behavior of calcium hydroxyapatite powders with average particle diameters of 150 nm publication-title: Ceram Trans doi: 10.1002/9781118406069.ch8 – ident: e_1_2_7_41_2 doi: 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00100-8 – ident: e_1_2_7_15_2 doi: 10.1177/00220345990780021101 – ident: e_1_2_7_21_2 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.015 – ident: e_1_2_7_7_2 doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0274 – ident: e_1_2_7_2_2 doi: 10.1177/00220345840630101701 – ident: e_1_2_7_24_2 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.046 – ident: e_1_2_7_30_2 doi: 10.1159/000260645 – ident: e_1_2_7_35_2 doi: 10.1016/0109-5641(93)90123-8 – ident: e_1_2_7_4_2 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19981205)42:3<465::AID-JBM17>3.0.CO;2-F – ident: e_1_2_7_12_2 doi: 10.1177/00220345960750091001 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00569.x – start-page: 2152 volume-title: Cements Research Progress year: 1999 ident: e_1_2_7_20_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_22_2 doi: 10.1023/A:1018586128257 – volume: 24 start-page: 606 year: 1993 ident: e_1_2_7_37_2 article-title: Dentin: Microstructure and characterization publication-title: Quintessence Intl – volume: 84 year: 2005 ident: e_1_2_7_38_2 article-title: Mechanical properties of amorphous calcium phosphate composites publication-title: J Dent Res – volume: 25 start-page: 90 year: 2000 ident: e_1_2_7_40_2 article-title: Single‐crystalline ceramic whisker‐reinforced carboxylic acid‐resin composites with fluoride release publication-title: Oper Dent – ident: e_1_2_7_8_2 doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2004.10.004 – ident: e_1_2_7_43_2 doi: 10.1177/154405910408300207 – ident: e_1_2_7_26_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_31_2 doi: 10.1177/00220345840630061101 – ident: e_1_2_7_9_2 doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2004.10.001 – ident: e_1_2_7_17_2 doi: 10.1177/154405910308200111 – ident: e_1_2_7_25_2 doi: 10.6028/jres.109.041 – ident: e_1_2_7_27_2 doi: 10.1016/S0109-5641(96)80037-6 – ident: e_1_2_7_3_2 doi: 10.1002/jbm.820280205 – ident: e_1_2_7_14_2 doi: 10.1002/1097-4636(2000)53:4<381::AID-JBM12>3.0.CO;2-H – ident: e_1_2_7_32_2 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ms.06.080176.001241 – ident: e_1_2_7_6_2 doi: 10.1016/0109-5641(93)90088-8 – ident: e_1_2_7_42_2 doi: 10.1159/000070866 – ident: e_1_2_7_10_2 doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2004.10.008 – ident: e_1_2_7_13_2 doi: 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00105-7 – volume: 45 start-page: 329 year: 2004 ident: e_1_2_7_39_2 article-title: Effect of resin composition on mechanical and physical properties of calcium phosphate filled bonding systems publication-title: Polym Prepr – ident: e_1_2_7_34_2 doi: 10.1016/0109-5641(94)90047-7 – ident: e_1_2_7_18_2 doi: 10.1177/154405910408301208 – volume-title: Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites year: 1990 ident: e_1_2_7_33_2
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Snippet	Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop...
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SourceType	Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher
StartPage	116
SubjectTerms	Ca and PO4 release Calcium Phosphates - chemistry Carbon Compounds, Inorganic - chemistry Composite Resins - chemistry Dental Caries - prevention & control dental composite Dental Materials - chemistry elastic modulus Elasticity flexural strength Materials Testing nanoparticles Nanoparticles - chemistry Particle Size Silicon Compounds - chemistry Tensile Strength tooth caries whisker reinforcement
Title	Effects of incorporating nanosized calcium phosphate particles on properties of whisker-reinforced dental composites
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Volume	81B
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