Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption

The fair-sampling loophole is closed in a Bell inequality violation experiment with entangled photons, making the photon the first physical system for which all the main loopholes have been closed. The reality of photon entanglement So-called Bell experiments are used to discriminate between classic...

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Vydané v:	Nature (London) Ročník 497; číslo 7448; s. 227 - 230
Hlavní autori:	Giustina, Marissa, Mech, Alexandra, Ramelow, Sven, Wittmann, Bernhard, Kofler, Johannes, Beyer, Jörn, Lita, Adriana, Calkins, Brice, Gerrits, Thomas, Nam, Sae Woo, Ursin, Rupert, Zeilinger, Anton
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 09.05.2013 Nature Publishing Group
Predmet:	639/766/483/1139 Atoms & subatomic particles Bell's theorem Classical and quantum physics: mechanics and fields Efficiency Exact sciences and technology Experiments Foundations, theory of measurement, miscellaneous theories (including aharonov-bohm effect, bell inequalities, berry's phase) Humanities and Social Sciences letter multidisciplinary Photons Physical properties Physics Properties Quantum mechanics Quantum theory Science United Kingdom Quantum optics Entangled states Bell inequality Photon pair
ISSN:	0028-0836, 1476-4687, 1476-4687
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Abstract	The fair-sampling loophole is closed in a Bell inequality violation experiment with entangled photons, making the photon the first physical system for which all the main loopholes have been closed. The reality of photon entanglement So-called Bell experiments are used to discriminate between classical ('local realistic') and quantum models of measurable phenomena. In practice, they are subject to various loopholes (arising from non-ideal experimental conditions) that can render the results inconclusive. These authors used a highly efficient source of photon pairs and superconducting transition-edge sensors in a Bell inequality experiment that closes the 'fair-sampling' loophole for entangled photons. The results conflict with local realism, while making the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments. The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint—namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined before and independently of measurement, and in which no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light 1 , 2 . All such experimental violations require additional assumptions depending on their specific construction, making them vulnerable to so-called loopholes. Here we use entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality while closing the fair-sampling loophole, that is, without assuming that the sample of measured photons accurately represents the entire ensemble 3 . To do this, we use the Eberhard form of Bell’s inequality, which is not vulnerable to the fair-sampling assumption and which allows a lower collection efficiency than other forms 4 . Technical improvements of the photon source 5 , 6 and high-efficiency transition-edge sensors 7 were crucial for achieving a sufficiently high collection efficiency. Our experiment makes the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments.
AbstractList	The fair-sampling loophole is closed in a Bell inequality violation experiment with entangled photons, making the photon the first physical system for which all the main loopholes have been closed. The reality of photon entanglement So-called Bell experiments are used to discriminate between classical ('local realistic') and quantum models of measurable phenomena. In practice, they are subject to various loopholes (arising from non-ideal experimental conditions) that can render the results inconclusive. These authors used a highly efficient source of photon pairs and superconducting transition-edge sensors in a Bell inequality experiment that closes the 'fair-sampling' loophole for entangled photons. The results conflict with local realism, while making the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments. The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint—namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined before and independently of measurement, and in which no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light 1 , 2 . All such experimental violations require additional assumptions depending on their specific construction, making them vulnerable to so-called loopholes. Here we use entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality while closing the fair-sampling loophole, that is, without assuming that the sample of measured photons accurately represents the entire ensemble 3 . To do this, we use the Eberhard form of Bell’s inequality, which is not vulnerable to the fair-sampling assumption and which allows a lower collection efficiency than other forms 4 . Technical improvements of the photon source 5 , 6 and high-efficiency transition-edge sensors 7 were crucial for achieving a sufficiently high collection efficiency. Our experiment makes the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments. The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint--namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined before and independently of measurement, and in which no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. All such experimental violations require additional assumptions depending on their specific construction, making them vulnerable to so-called loopholes. Here we use entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality while closing the fair-sampling loophole, that is, without assuming that the sample of measured photons accurately represents the entire ensemble. To do this, we use the Eberhard form of Bell's inequality, which is not vulnerable to the fair-sampling assumption and which allows a lower collection efficiency than other forms. Technical improvements of the photon source and high-efficiency transition-edge sensors were crucial for achieving a sufficiently high collection efficiency. Our experiment makes the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments. The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint--namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined before and independently of measurement, and in which no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. All such experimental violations require additional assumptions depending on their specific construction, making them vulnerable to so-called loopholes. Here we use entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality while closing the fair-sampling loophole, that is, without assuming that the sample of measured photons accurately represents the entire ensemble. To do this, we use the Eberhard form of Bell's inequality, which is not vulnerable to the fair-sampling assumption and which allows a lower collection efficiency than other forms. Technical improvements of the photon source and high-efficiency transition-edge sensors were crucial for achieving a sufficiently high collection efficiency. Our experiment makes the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments.The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint--namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined before and independently of measurement, and in which no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. All such experimental violations require additional assumptions depending on their specific construction, making them vulnerable to so-called loopholes. Here we use entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality while closing the fair-sampling loophole, that is, without assuming that the sample of measured photons accurately represents the entire ensemble. To do this, we use the Eberhard form of Bell's inequality, which is not vulnerable to the fair-sampling assumption and which allows a lower collection efficiency than other forms. Technical improvements of the photon source and high-efficiency transition-edge sensors were crucial for achieving a sufficiently high collection efficiency. Our experiment makes the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments. The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint-namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined before and independently of measurement, and in which no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. All such experimental violations require additional assumptions depending on their specific construction, making them vulnerable to so-called loopholes. Here we use entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality while closing the fair-sampling loophole, that is, without assuming that the sample of measured photons accurately represents the entire ensemble. To do this, we use the Eberhard form of Bell's inequality, which is not vulnerable to the fairsampling assumption and which allows a lower collection efficiency than other forms. Technical improvements of the photon source and high-efficiency transition-edge sensors were crucial for achieving a sufficiently high collection efficiency. Our experiment makes the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Audience	Academic
Author	Mech, Alexandra Nam, Sae Woo Zeilinger, Anton Gerrits, Thomas Ursin, Rupert Ramelow, Sven Calkins, Brice Kofler, Johannes Beyer, Jörn Lita, Adriana Giustina, Marissa Wittmann, Bernhard
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Marissa surname: Giustina fullname: Giustina, Marissa email: marissa.giustina@univie.ac.at organization: Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria , Quantum Optics, Quantum Nanophysics, Quantum Information, University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria – sequence: 2 givenname: Alexandra surname: Mech fullname: Mech, Alexandra organization: Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria , Quantum Optics, Quantum Nanophysics, Quantum Information, University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria – sequence: 3 givenname: Sven surname: Ramelow fullname: Ramelow, Sven organization: Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria , Quantum Optics, Quantum Nanophysics, Quantum Information, University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria – sequence: 4 givenname: Bernhard surname: Wittmann fullname: Wittmann, Bernhard organization: Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria , Quantum Optics, Quantum Nanophysics, Quantum Information, University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria – sequence: 5 givenname: Johannes surname: Kofler fullname: Kofler, Johannes organization: Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria , Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany – sequence: 6 givenname: Jörn surname: Beyer fullname: Beyer, Jörn organization: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Adriana surname: Lita fullname: Lita, Adriana organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway – sequence: 8 givenname: Brice surname: Calkins fullname: Calkins, Brice organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway – sequence: 9 givenname: Thomas surname: Gerrits fullname: Gerrits, Thomas organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway – sequence: 10 givenname: Sae Woo surname: Nam fullname: Nam, Sae Woo organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway – sequence: 11 givenname: Rupert surname: Ursin fullname: Ursin, Rupert organization: Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria – sequence: 12 givenname: Anton surname: Zeilinger fullname: Zeilinger, Anton email: anton.zeilinger@univie.ac.at organization: Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria , Quantum Optics, Quantum Nanophysics, Quantum Information, University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27334799$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584590$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Springer Nature Limited 2013 2014 INIST-CNRS COPYRIGHT 2013 Nature Publishing Group Copyright Nature Publishing Group May 9, 2013
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Snippet	The fair-sampling loophole is closed in a Bell inequality violation experiment with entangled photons, making the photon the first physical system for which... The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint--namely, one in which physical... The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint-namely, one in which physical...
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SubjectTerms	639/766/483/1139 Atoms & subatomic particles Bell's theorem Classical and quantum physics: mechanics and fields Efficiency Exact sciences and technology Experiments Foundations, theory of measurement, miscellaneous theories (including aharonov-bohm effect, bell inequalities, berry's phase) Humanities and Social Sciences letter multidisciplinary Photons Physical properties Physics Properties Quantum mechanics Quantum theory Science
Title	Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption
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Volume	497
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