"God Made the Soil, but We Made It Fertile": Gender, Knowledge, and Practice in the Formation and Use of African Dark Earths in Liberia and Sierra Leone

This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich highfertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) — human-made soils analogous to Amazonian terra preta, yet subject to continuing production and use. Gender relations and women's roles are centra...

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Vydáno v:	Human ecology : an interdisciplinary journal Ročník 42; číslo 5; s. 695 - 710
Hlavní autoři:	Frausin, Victoria, Fraser, James Angus, Narmah, Woulay, Lahai, Morrison K., Winnebah, Thomas R. A., Fairhead, James, Leach, Melissa
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Boston Springer 01.10.2014 Springer US Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Agricultural management Agricultural practices Agricultural production Agricultural soils Agriculture Agrology Anthropogenic factors Anthropology Carbon cooking Crops Ecological studies Elaeis guineensis Environmental Factors Environmental Management farming systems Female roles Females Fertility Food preparation Forces and relations of production Forest soils Gender Gender relations Geography Geology horticulture Knowledge Landscape landscapes Liberia marriage Men NGOs Nongovernmental organizations Opposite Sex Relations Petroleum planning Policy making Political ecology Sex Sierra Leone Social Sciences Sociology Soil ecology Soil fertility Spatial Analysis Spatial distribution Sustainable agriculture terra preta Tree crops trees Upland soils Women Liberia Sierra Leone Africa Liberia Sierra Leone Agriculture Anthropogenic dark earths Biochar
ISSN:	0300-7839, 1572-9915
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Abstract	This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich highfertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) — human-made soils analogous to Amazonian terra preta, yet subject to continuing production and use. Gender relations and women's roles are central to how these soils are produced and used. Through social and ecological field studies in Liberia and Sierra Leone we detail how AfDE formation and associated knowledge is genderdifferentiated, the central roles of women's deposition of charred organic materials from cooking, oil palm processing and potash production in producing AfDE, and the gendered dynamics of AfDE use and distribution in the landscape. Different species are cultivated in AfDE compared to non-anthropogenic soils, and AfDE are differentially valued by women and men for horticultural and tree crops. The spatial distribution of AfDE across the landscape reflects shifting household, marriage and settlement practices. Gender relations, subjectivities and interdependencies and the ecology of soils and landscapes mutually shape one another. National policymakers and NGOs planning or managing agricultural carbon projects in West Africa should attend to the knowledge and practices of Loma and Mende women and men who have made and cultivated carbon-rich anthropogenic soils in the region for generations.
AbstractList	This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich high-fertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) – human-made soils analogous to Amazonian terra preta, yet subject to continuing production and use. Gender relations and women’s roles are central to how these soils are produced and used. Through social and ecological field studies in Liberia and Sierra Leone we detail how AfDE formation and associated knowledge is gender-differentiated, the central roles of women’s deposition of charred organic materials from cooking, oil palm processing and potash production in producing AfDE, and the gendered dynamics of AfDE use and distribution in the landscape. Different species are cultivated in AfDE compared to non-anthropogenic soils, and AfDE are differentially valued by women and men for horticultural and tree crops. The spatial distribution of AfDE across the landscape reflects shifting household, marriage and settlement practices. Gender relations, subjectivities and interdependencies and the ecology of soils and landscapes mutually shape one another. National policymakers and NGOs planning or managing agricultural carbon projects in West Africa should attend to the knowledge and practices of Loma and Mende women and men who have made and cultivated carbon-rich anthropogenic soils in the region for generations. This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich high-fertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) - human-made soils analogous to Amazonian terra preta, yet subject to continuing production and use. Gender relations and women's roles are central to how these soils are produced and used. Through social and ecological field studies in Liberia and Sierra Leone we detail how AfDE formation and associated knowledge is gender-differentiated, the central roles of women's deposition of charred organic materials from cooking, oil palm processing and potash production in producing AfDE, and the gendered dynamics of AfDE use and distribution in the landscape. Different species are cultivated in AfDE compared to non-anthropogenic soils, and AfDE are differentially valued by women and men for horticultural and tree crops. The spatial distribution of AfDE across the landscape reflects shifting household, marriage and settlement practices. Gender relations, subjectivities and interdependencies and the ecology of soils and landscapes mutually shape one another. National policymakers and NGOs planning or managing agricultural carbon projects in West Africa should attend to the knowledge and practices of Loma and Mende women and men who have made and cultivated carbon-rich anthropogenic soils in the region for generations.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich high-fertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) - human-made soils analogous to Amazonian terra preta, yet subject to continuing production and use. Gender relations and women's roles are central to how these soils are produced and used. Through social and ecological field studies in Liberia and Sierra Leone we detail how AfDE formation and associated knowledge is gender-differentiated, the central roles of women's deposition of charred organic materials from cooking, oil palm processing and potash production in producing AfDE, and the gendered dynamics of AfDE use and distribution in the landscape. Different species are cultivated in AfDE compared to non-anthropogenic soils, and AfDE are differentially valued by women and men for horticultural and tree crops. The spatial distribution of AfDE across the landscape reflects shifting household, marriage and settlement practices. Gender relations, subjectivities and interdependencies and the ecology of soils and landscapes mutually shape one another. National policymakers and NGOs planning or managing agricultural carbon projects in West Africa should attend to the knowledge and practices of Loma and Mende women and men who have made and cultivated carbon-rich anthropogenic soils in the region for generations. Adapted from the source document. This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich high-fertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) – human-made soils analogous to Amazonian terra preta, yet subject to continuing production and use. Gender relations and women’s roles are central to how these soils are produced and used. Through social and ecological field studies in Liberia and Sierra Leone we detail how AfDE formation and associated knowledge is gender-differentiated, the central roles of women’s deposition of charred organic materials from cooking, oil palm processing and potash production in producing AfDE, and the gendered dynamics of AfDE use and distribution in the landscape. Different species are cultivated in AfDE compared to non-anthropogenic soils, and AfDE are differentially valued by women and men for horticultural and tree crops. The spatial distribution of AfDE across the landscape reflects shifting household, marriage and settlement practices. Gender relations, subjectivities and interdependencies and the ecology of soils and landscapes mutually shape one another. National policymakers and NGOs planning or managing agricultural carbon projects in West Africa should attend to the knowledge and practices of Loma and Mende women and men who have made and cultivated carbon-rich anthropogenic soils in the region for generations. This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich highfertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) — human-made soils analogous to Amazonian terra preta, yet subject to continuing production and use. Gender relations and women's roles are central to how these soils are produced and used. Through social and ecological field studies in Liberia and Sierra Leone we detail how AfDE formation and associated knowledge is genderdifferentiated, the central roles of women's deposition of charred organic materials from cooking, oil palm processing and potash production in producing AfDE, and the gendered dynamics of AfDE use and distribution in the landscape. Different species are cultivated in AfDE compared to non-anthropogenic soils, and AfDE are differentially valued by women and men for horticultural and tree crops. The spatial distribution of AfDE across the landscape reflects shifting household, marriage and settlement practices. Gender relations, subjectivities and interdependencies and the ecology of soils and landscapes mutually shape one another. National policymakers and NGOs planning or managing agricultural carbon projects in West Africa should attend to the knowledge and practices of Loma and Mende women and men who have made and cultivated carbon-rich anthropogenic soils in the region for generations.
Author	Winnebah, Thomas R. A. Fraser, James Angus Frausin, Victoria Lahai, Morrison K. Narmah, Woulay Fairhead, James Leach, Melissa
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Snippet	This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich highfertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) —... This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich high-fertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) –... This paper describes West African farming practices and knowledge that lead to the formation of carbon-rich high-fertility African Dark Earths (AfDE) -...
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SubjectTerms	Agricultural management Agricultural practices Agricultural production Agricultural soils Agriculture Agrology Anthropogenic factors Anthropology Carbon cooking Crops Ecological studies Elaeis guineensis Environmental Factors Environmental Management farming systems Female roles Females Fertility Food preparation Forces and relations of production Forest soils Gender Gender relations Geography Geology horticulture Knowledge Landscape landscapes Liberia marriage Men NGOs Nongovernmental organizations Opposite Sex Relations Petroleum planning Policy making Political ecology Sex Sierra Leone Social Sciences Sociology Soil ecology Soil fertility Spatial Analysis Spatial distribution Sustainable agriculture terra preta Tree crops trees Upland soils Women
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Title	"God Made the Soil, but We Made It Fertile": Gender, Knowledge, and Practice in the Formation and Use of African Dark Earths in Liberia and Sierra Leone
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