The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) convened a writing group to develop a consensus statement on the management of type 1 diabetes in adults. The writing group has considered the rapid development of new treatments and technologies an...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Diabetologia Vol. 64; no. 12; pp. 2609 - 2652
Main Authors: Holt, Richard I. G., DeVries, J. Hans, Hess-Fischl, Amy, Hirsch, Irl B., Kirkman, M. Sue, Klupa, Tomasz, Ludwig, Barbara, Nørgaard, Kirsten, Pettus, Jeremy, Renard, Eric, Skyler, Jay S., Snoek, Frank J., Weinstock, Ruth S., Peters, Anne L.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.12.2021
Springer Nature B.V
Springer Verlag
Subjects:
Adult
Best practice
Blood Glucose
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
Consensus
Consensus Report
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - therapy
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Disease management
Exercise
Glucose monitoring
Human health and pathology
Human Physiology
Humans
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use
Insulin
Insulin - therapeutic use
Internal Medicine
Islet cells
Ketoacidosis
Life Sciences
Medical diagnosis
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolic Diseases
Microvasculature
Pancreas transplantation
Pancreatic islet transplantation
Glucose monitoring
Exercise
Nutrition
Adjunctive therapy
Hypoglycaemia
Type 1 diabetes
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Psychosocial care
Transplantation
Diagnosis
Insulin
Schedule of care
ISSN:0012-186X, 1432-0428, 1432-0428
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) convened a writing group to develop a consensus statement on the management of type 1 diabetes in adults. The writing group has considered the rapid development of new treatments and technologies and addressed the following topics: diagnosis, aims of management, schedule of care, diabetes self-management education and support, glucose monitoring, insulin therapy, hypoglycaemia, behavioural considerations, psychosocial care, diabetic ketoacidosis, pancreas and islet transplantation, adjunctive therapies, special populations, inpatient management and future perspectives. Although we discuss the schedule for follow-up examinations and testing, we have not included the evaluation and treatment of the chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes as these are well-reviewed and discussed elsewhere. The writing group was aware of both national and international guidance on type 1 diabetes and did not seek to replicate this but rather aimed to highlight the major areas that healthcare professionals should consider when managing adults with type 1 diabetes. Though evidence-based where possible, the recommendations in the report represent the consensus opinion of the authors. Graphical abstract
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PMCID: PMC8481000
ISSN:0012-186X
1432-0428
1432-0428
DOI:10.1007/s00125-021-05568-3