A Review on the Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas9/Cas12/Cas13/Cas14 Proteins Utilized for Genome Engineering

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has altered life science research offering enormous options in manipulating, detecting, imaging, and annotating specific DNA or RNA sequences of diverse organisms. This system inc...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Molecular biotechnology Vol. 65; no. 3; pp. 311 - 325
Main Authors: Hillary, V. Edwin, Ceasar, S. Antony
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: New York Springer US 01.03.2023
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:
Arrays
Biochemistry
Biological Techniques
Biotechnology
Cell Biology
Chemistry
Chemistry and Materials Science
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
CRISPR
CRISPR-associated proteins
CRISPR-Cas Systems
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Gene Editing - methods
Gene sequencing
genome
Genome editing
Genomes
gRNA
Human Genetics
Humans
Nucleic acids
Nucleotide sequence
Protein Science
Proteins
researchers
Review Paper
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
SARS-CoV-2 - genetics
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Spacers
Viral diseases
CRISPR
DETECTR
Genome engineering
SHERLOCK
Cas system
ISSN:1073-6085, 1559-0305, 1559-0305
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has altered life science research offering enormous options in manipulating, detecting, imaging, and annotating specific DNA or RNA sequences of diverse organisms. This system incorporates fragments of foreign DNA (spacers) into CRISPR cassettes, which are further transcribed into the CRISPR arrays and then processed to make guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR arrays are genes that encode Cas proteins. Cas proteins provide the enzymatic machinery required for acquiring new spacers targeting invading elements. Due to programmable sequence specificity, numerous Cas proteins such as Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 have been exploited to develop new tools for genome engineering. Cas variants stimulated genetic research and propelled the CRISPR/Cas tool for manipulating and editing nucleic acid sequences of living cells of diverse organisms. This review aims to provide detail on two classes (class 1 and 2) of the CRISPR/Cas system, and the mechanisms of all Cas proteins, including Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 discovered so far. In addition, we also discuss the pros and cons and recent applications of various Cas proteins in diverse fields, including those used to detect viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review enables the researcher to gain knowledge on various Cas proteins and their applications, which have the potential to be used in next-generation precise genome engineering.
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ISSN:1073-6085
1559-0305
1559-0305
DOI:10.1007/s12033-022-00567-0