Investigating Beta-Variational Convolutional Autoencoders for the Unsupervised Classification of Chest Pneumonia

The world’s population is increasing and so is the challenge on existing healthcare infrastructure to cope with the growing demand in medical diagnosis and evaluation. Although human experts are primarily tasked with the diagnosis of different medical conditions, artificial intelligence (AI)-assiste...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Diagnostics (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 13; p. 2199
Main Authors: Akila, Serag Mohamed, Imanov, Elbrus, Almezhghwi, Khaled
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 28.06.2023
MDPI
Subjects:
autoencoder
Bacteria
Bacterial pneumonia
Carbon dioxide
chest pneumonia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Classification
Computers
convolution
Datasets
Influenza
Investigations
Lungs
Pneumonia
Respiration
unsupervised learning
variational
X-rays
convolution
autoencoder
chest pneumonia
variational
classification
unsupervised learning
ISSN:2075-4418, 2075-4418
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The world’s population is increasing and so is the challenge on existing healthcare infrastructure to cope with the growing demand in medical diagnosis and evaluation. Although human experts are primarily tasked with the diagnosis of different medical conditions, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted diagnoses have become considerably useful in recent times. One of the critical lung infections, which requires early diagnosis and subsequent treatment to reduce the mortality rate, is pneumonia. There are different methods for obtaining a pneumonia diagnosis; however, the adoption of chest X-rays is popular since it is non-invasive. The AI systems for a pneumonia diagnosis using chest X-rays are often built on supervised machine-learning (ML) models, which require labeled datasets for development. However, collecting labeled datasets is sometimes infeasible due to constraints such as human resources, cost, and time. As such, the problem that we address in this paper is the unsupervised classification of pneumonia using unsupervised ML models including the beta-variational convolutional autoencoder (β-VCAE) and other variants, such as convolutional autoencoders (CAE), denoising convolutional autoencoders (DCAE), and sparse convolutional autoencoders (SCAE). Namely, the pneumonia classification problem is cast into an anomaly detection to develop the aforementioned ML models. The experimental results show that pneumonia can be diagnosed with high recall, precision, f1-score, and f2-score using the proposed unsupervised models. In addition, we observe that the proposed models are competitive with the state-of-the-art models, which are trained on a labeled dataset.
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ISSN:2075-4418
2075-4418
DOI:10.3390/diagnostics13132199