Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises several co-occurring vascular and cardiometabolic characteristics and might represent a novel modifiable risk factor for dementia, though findings remain inconsistent. To clarify this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal s...

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Veröffentlicht in:Alzheimer's research & therapy Jg. 17; H. 1; S. 198 - 13
Hauptverfasser: Qureshi, Danial, Allen, Naomi E., Kuźma, Elżbieta, Littlejohns, Thomas J.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: London BioMed Central 23.08.2025
BioMed Central Ltd
BMC
Schlagworte:
Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology
Alzheimer’s disease
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Complications and side effects
Dementia
Dementia - epidemiology
Dementia, Vascular - epidemiology
Geriatric Psychiatry
Geriatrics/Gerontology
Humans
Incidence
Longitudinal Studies
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Meta-analysis
Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome - complications
Metabolic Syndrome - epidemiology
Metabolic syndrome X
Neurology
Neurosciences
Physiological aspects
Risk Factors
Systematic review
Vascular dementia
United Kingdom
Vascular dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Systematic review
Longitudinal studies
Metabolic syndrome
Dementia
Meta-analysis
ISSN:1758-9193, 1758-9193
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Zusammenfassung:Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises several co-occurring vascular and cardiometabolic characteristics and might represent a novel modifiable risk factor for dementia, though findings remain inconsistent. To clarify this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies investigating the association between MetS with risk of incident all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Methods We searched Medline, Embase and PsycINFO databases (from inception to Feb 19th, 2024) for longitudinal cohort studies investigating the association of MetS with incident all-cause dementia or key subtypes, including Alzheimer’s, vascular, Lewy Body or other dementias. Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled hazard ratios (pHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Results Of 4,719 studies identified, fourteen studies met the eligibility criteria. These studies combined included 4,345,741 participants who were initially free of dementia. Pooled estimates showed that, compared to participants with no MetS, those with MetS had a significantly greater risk of incident all-cause dementia (4,307,830 participants, 27,708 cases, pHR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.08–1.15, I 2  = 12.0%). No significant association was observed for incident Alzheimer’s disease (4,109,436 participants, 14,890 cases, pHR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.72–1.15, I 2 : 41.0%) or vascular dementia (4,109,436 participants, 2,642 cases, pHR: 1.40, 95% CI: 0.96–2.06, I 2 : 59.0%). Associations remained similar in subgroup analyses restricted to studies reporting results for those aged 65 + years: all-cause dementia (pHR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.00-1.16, I 2 : 15.0%), Alzheimer’s disease (pHR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.65–1.11, I 2 : 0.0%), and vascular dementia (pHR: 1.55, 95% CI: 0.71–3.39, I 2 : 75.0%). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that MetS may be an important risk factor for developing dementia, and represent a potential target for prevention. Further studies are needed to understand the influence of MetS on specific dementia subtypes.
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ISSN:1758-9193
1758-9193
DOI:10.1186/s13195-025-01825-4