Microplastic Shape, Polymer Type, and Concentration Affect Soil Properties and Plant Biomass

Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing differ...

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Vydáno v:	Frontiers in plant science Ročník 12; s. 616645
Hlavní autoři:	Lozano, Yudi M., Lehnert, Timon, Linck, Lydia T., Lehmann, Anika, Rillig, Matthias C.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Switzerland Frontiers Media SA 16.02.2021 Frontiers Media S.A
Témata:	Aeration Biological activity Biomass Biota Bulk density Daucus carota Experiments Fibers Flowers & plants Foams Fracture point Fragments Loam soils Macroporosity Microbial activity Microorganisms Microplastics microresp Moisture content Plant biomass Plant Science Plastic foam Plastic pollution Polyethylene Polyethylene films Polymers porosity Seeds Sludge Soil aeration Soil density Soil microorganisms Soil properties Soil water soil water status water-stable aggregates Netherlands Germany soil water status water-stable aggregates Daucus carota microresp porosity
ISSN:	1664-462X, 1664-462X
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
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Abstract	Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer ( Daucus carota ) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems.
AbstractList	Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer (Daucus carota) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems.Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer (Daucus carota) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems. Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer (Daucus carota) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems. Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer ( Daucus carota ) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems. Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer ( ) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems.
Author	Lehnert, Timon Rillig, Matthias C. Linck, Lydia T. Lehmann, Anika Lozano, Yudi M.
AuthorAffiliation	1 Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany 2 Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research , Berlin , Germany
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany – name: 2 Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research , Berlin , Germany
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Yudi M. surname: Lozano fullname: Lozano, Yudi M. – sequence: 2 givenname: Timon surname: Lehnert fullname: Lehnert, Timon – sequence: 3 givenname: Lydia T. surname: Linck fullname: Linck, Lydia T. – sequence: 4 givenname: Anika surname: Lehmann fullname: Lehmann, Anika – sequence: 5 givenname: Matthias C. surname: Rillig fullname: Rillig, Matthias C.
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33664758$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords	soil water status water-stable aggregates Daucus carota microresp porosity
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Reviewed by: Haibo Zhang, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, China; Vikki L. Rodgers, Babson College, United States This article was submitted to Functional Plant Ecology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science Edited by: Iván Prieto, Spanish National Research Council, Spain ORCID: Yudi M. Lozano, orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-8219; Matthias C. Rillig, orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-7853
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References	Zeileis (B59) 2006; 16 Lozano (B34) 2020 Lehmann (B25) 2019; 3 Liang (B29) 2019; 10 Six (B51) 2004; 79 Qi (B41) 2018; 645 Carter (B7) 2006 de Souza Machado (B8); 24 Fei (B14) 2020; 707 Reynolds (B43) 2007; 316 Helmberger (B18) 2020; 34 (B37) 2005 Semchenko (B50) 2018; 4 Smith (B52) 2010 Bronick (B5) 2005; 124 Hortal (B20) 2013; 64 Hahladakis (B17) 2018; 344 Wang (B56) 2019; 691 Brahney (B3) 2020; 368 Ho (B19) 2019; 16 Manning (B36) 2018; 2 Bretz (B4) 2011 Díaz (B11) 2018; 359 (B42) 2019 Steinmetz (B53) 2016; 550 Fierer (B15) 2007; 88 Lehmann (B27) 2017; 1 Liu (B31) 2017; 185 Kemper (B24) 1986 van Kleunen (B54) 2019; 2 Lithner (B30) 2011; 409 Zhang (B60) 2018; 642 Bläsing (B2) 2018; 612 Rillig (B45) 2019; 53 Zhang (B61) 2018; 243 Lozano (B35) 2020; 54 Romera-Castillo (B48) 2018; 9 Lehmann (B26) 2020 Rojas-Tapias (B47) 2012; 61 Oksanen (B39) 2019 Lozano (B32) 2019 Lozano (B33) 2021 de Souza Machado (B9); 52 Espí (B12) 2006; 22 Yang (B57) 2020 Rillig (B44) 2012; 46 Huerta Lwanga (B23) 2016; 50 Li (B28) 2018; 142 (B13) 2019 Allen (B1) 2019; 12 de Souza Machado (B10) 2019; 53 Campbell (B6) 2003; 69 Gartzia-Bengoetxea (B16) 2016; 100 Ruser (B49) 2008 Rodriguez-Seijo (B46) 2017; 220 Neal (B38) 2012; 7 Wan (B55) 2019; 654 Hothorn (B21) 2008; 50 Huang (B22) 2019; 254 Zimmerman (B62) 1961; 91 Piehl (B40) 2018; 8 Yu (B58) 2020; 726 34267777 - Front Plant Sci. 2021 Jun 29;12:714541. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.714541.
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SubjectTerms	Aeration Biological activity Biomass Biota Bulk density Daucus carota Experiments Fibers Flowers & plants Foams Fracture point Fragments Loam soils Macroporosity Microbial activity Microorganisms Microplastics microresp Moisture content Plant biomass Plant Science Plastic foam Plastic pollution Polyethylene Polyethylene films Polymers porosity Seeds Sludge Soil aeration Soil density Soil microorganisms Soil properties Soil water soil water status water-stable aggregates
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Title	Microplastic Shape, Polymer Type, and Concentration Affect Soil Properties and Plant Biomass
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