Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi

We sought to identify the fungi that colonize healthy GI tracts and that have a sustained influence on the diverse functions of the gut microbiome. Instead, we found that all fungi in the stool of healthy volunteers could be explained by their presence in oral and dietary sources and that our result...

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Vydáno v:	mSphere Ročník 3; číslo 2
Hlavní autoři:	Auchtung, Thomas A., Fofanova, Tatiana Y., Stewart, Christopher J., Nash, Andrea K., Wong, Matthew C., Gesell, Jonathan R., Auchtung, Jennifer M., Ajami, Nadim J., Petrosino, Joseph F.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	United States American Society for Microbiology 01.03.2018
Témata:	Abundance Adult Candida albicans Candida albicans - genetics Candida albicans - isolation & purification Colonization Deoxyribonucleic acid Diet Digestive system DNA DNA sequencing DNA, Ribosomal Spacer - genetics Editor's Pick Experiments Feces - microbiology Food Food Microbiology Fungi Fungi - classification Fungi - isolation & purification Gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology Gastrointestinal Tract - physiology Genes Genomes Healthy Volunteers Humans Immune system Intestinal microflora Medical research Microbiomes Microorganisms Mimicry Mouth - microbiology mycobiome Mycobiome - physiology Oral cavity Protocol RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics rRNA 16S rRNA 18S Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae - genetics Saccharomyces cerevisiae - isolation & purification Saliva Saliva - microbiology Sequence Analysis, DNA Spacer Teeth Volunteers saliva mycobiome gastrointestinal tract diet colonization fungi
ISSN:	2379-5042, 2379-5042
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Shrnutí:	We sought to identify the fungi that colonize healthy GI tracts and that have a sustained influence on the diverse functions of the gut microbiome. Instead, we found that all fungi in the stool of healthy volunteers could be explained by their presence in oral and dietary sources and that our results, together with those from other analyses, support the model that there is little or no gastrointestinal colonization by fungi. This may be due to Westernization, primate evolution, fungal ecology, and/or the strong defenses of a healthy immune system. Importantly, fungal colonization of the GI tract may often be indicative of disease. As fungi can cause serious infections in immunocompromised individuals and are found at increased abundance in multiple disorders of the GI tract, understanding normal fungal colonization is essential for proper treatment and prevention of fungal pathogenesis. A wide diversity of fungi have been detected in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract with the potential to provide or influence important functions. However, many of the fungi most commonly detected in stool samples are also present in food or the oral cavity. Therefore, to recognize which gut fungi are likely to have a sustained influence on human health, there is a need to separate transient members of the GI tract from true colonizers. To identify colonizing fungi, the eukaryotic rRNA operon’s second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) was sequenced from the stool, saliva, and food of healthy adults following consumption of different controlled diets. Unlike most bacterial 16S rRNA genes, the only fungal ITS2 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in stool DNA across multiple diets were also present in saliva and/or food. Additional analyses, including culture-based approaches and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene, ITS2 cDNA, and DNA extracted using alternative methods, failed to detect additional fungi. Two abundant fungi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans , were examined further in healthy volunteers. Saccharomyces became undetectable in stool when a S. cerevisiae -free diet was consumed, and the levels of C. albicans in stool were dramatically reduced by more frequent cleaning of teeth. Extremely low fungal abundance, the inability of fungi to grow under conditions mimicking the distal gut, and evidence from analysis of other public datasets further support the hypothesis that fungi do not routinely colonize the GI tracts of healthy adults. IMPORTANCE We sought to identify the fungi that colonize healthy GI tracts and that have a sustained influence on the diverse functions of the gut microbiome. Instead, we found that all fungi in the stool of healthy volunteers could be explained by their presence in oral and dietary sources and that our results, together with those from other analyses, support the model that there is little or no gastrointestinal colonization by fungi. This may be due to Westernization, primate evolution, fungal ecology, and/or the strong defenses of a healthy immune system. Importantly, fungal colonization of the GI tract may often be indicative of disease. As fungi can cause serious infections in immunocompromised individuals and are found at increased abundance in multiple disorders of the GI tract, understanding normal fungal colonization is essential for proper treatment and prevention of fungal pathogenesis.
Bibliografie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Citation Auchtung TA, Fofanova TY, Stewart CJ, Nash AK, Wong MC, Gesell JR, Auchtung JM, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF. 2018. Investigating colonization of the healthy adult gastrointestinal tract by fungi. mSphere 3:e00092-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00092-18.
ISSN:	2379-5042 2379-5042
DOI:	10.1128/mSphere.00092-18