Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior
Employing a die-under-cup paradigm, we study the extent to which people lie when it is transparently clear they cannot be caught. We asked participants to report the outcome of a private die roll and gain money according to their reports. Results suggest that the degree of lying depends on the exten...
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| Published in: | Organizational behavior and human decision processes Vol. 115; no. 2; pp. 181 - 190 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Kidlington
Elsevier Inc
01.07.2011
Elsevier Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc |
| Series: | Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0749-5978, 1095-9920 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Employing a die-under-cup paradigm, we study the extent to which people lie when it is transparently clear they cannot be caught. We asked participants to report the outcome of a private die roll and gain money according to their reports. Results suggest that the degree of lying depends on the extent to which self-justifications are available. Specifically, when people are allowed to roll the die three times to ensure its legitimacy, but only the first roll is supposed to “count,” we find evidence that the highest outcome of the three rolls is reported. Eliminating the ability to observe more than one roll reduces lying. Additional results suggest that observing desired counterfactuals, in the form of additional rolls not meant to determine pay, attenuates the degree to which people perceive lies as unethical. People seem to derive value from self-justifications allowing them to lie for money while feeling honest. |
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| AbstractList | Employing a die-under-cup paradigm, we study the extent to which people lie when it is transparently clear they cannot be caught. We asked participants to report the outcome of a private die roll and gain money according to their reports. Results suggest that the degree of lying depends on the extent to which self-justifications are available. Specifically, when people are allowed to roll the die three times to ensure its legitimacy, but only the first roll is supposed to "count", we find evidence that the highest outcome of the three rolls is reported. Eliminating the ability to observe more than one roll reduces lying. Additional results suggest that observing desired counterfactuals, in the form of additional rolls not meant to determine pay, attenuates the degree to which people perceive lies as unethical. People seem to derive value from self-justifications allowing them to lie for money while feeling honest. All rights reserved, Elsevier Employing a die-under-cup paradigm, we study the extent to which people lie when it is transparently clear they cannot be caught. We asked participants to report the outcome of a private die roll and gain money according to their reports. Results suggest that the degree of lying depends on the extent to which self-justifications are available. Specifically, when people are allowed to roll the die three times to ensure its legitimacy, but only the first roll is supposed to “count,” we find evidence that the highest outcome of the three rolls is reported. Eliminating the ability to observe more than one roll reduces lying. Additional results suggest that observing desired counterfactuals, in the form of additional rolls not meant to determine pay, attenuates the degree to which people perceive lies as unethical. People seem to derive value from self-justifications allowing them to lie for money while feeling honest. Employing a die-under-cup paradigm, we study the extent to which people lie when it is transparently clear they cannot be caught. We asked participants to report the outcome of a private die roll and gain money according to their reports. Results suggest that the degree of lying depends on the extent to which self-justifications are available. Specifically, when people are allowed to roll the die three times to ensure its legitimacy, but only the first roll is supposed to "count," we find evidence that the highest outcome of the three rolls is reported. Eliminating the ability to observe more than one roll reduces lying. Additional results suggest that observing desired counterfactuals, in the form of additional rolls not meant to determine pay, attenuates the degree to which people perceive lies as unethical. People seem to derive value from self-justifications allowing them to lie for money while feeling honest. [Copyright Elsevier Ltd.] Employing a die-under-cup paradigm, we study the extent to which people lie when it is transparently clear they cannot be caught. We asked participants to report the outcome of a private die roll and gain money according to their reports. Results suggest that the degree of lying depends on the extent to which self-justifications are available. Specifically, when people are allowed to roll the die three times to ensure its legitimacy, but only the first roll is supposed to "count," we find evidence that the highest outcome of the three rolls is reported. Eliminating the ability to observe more than one roll reduces lying. Additional results suggest that observing desired counterfactuals, in the form of additional rolls not meant to determine pay, attenuates the degree to which people perceive lies as unethical. People seem to derive value from self-justifications allowing them to lie for money while feeling honest. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | Handgraaf, Michel J.J. Shalvi, Shaul Dana, Jason De Dreu, Carsten K.W. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Shaul surname: Shalvi fullname: Shalvi, Shaul email: s.shalvi@uva.nl organization: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: Jason surname: Dana fullname: Dana, Jason organization: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Michel J.J. surname: Handgraaf fullname: Handgraaf, Michel J.J. organization: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: Carsten K.W. surname: De Dreu fullname: De Dreu, Carsten K.W. organization: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
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| Keywords | Ethics Morality Deception Behavioral ethics Mutability Behavioral economics Counterfactual thinking Ethical decision making Norm Theory Lies Human Decision making Theory Moral attitude Cognition Moral science Standards Lying Perception |
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| Title | Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior |
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