Rabies in a postpandemic world: resilient reservoirs, redoubtable riposte, recurrent roadblocks, and resolute recidivism

Rabies is an ancient disease. Two centuries since Pasteur, fundamental progress occurred in virology, vaccinology, and diagnostics—and an understanding of pathobiology and epizootiology of rabies in testament to One Health—before common terminological coinage. Prevention, control, selective eliminat...

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Vydáno v:	Animal diseases Ročník 3; číslo 1; s. 15 - 27
Hlavní autoři:	Rupprecht, Charles E., Mshelbwala, Philip P., Reeves, R. Guy, Kuzmin, Ivan V.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Singapore Springer Nature Singapore 19.05.2023 Springer Nature B.V BMC
Témata:	Algorithms Animal control Animal Genetics and Genomics Bats Biological products Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 vaccines Diagnosis Disease prevention Dogs Economic analysis Economic models Encephalitis Epidemiology Ethical standards Genetic modification Genetically engineered organisms Genetically modified organisms Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Immunization Infectious Diseases Lyssavirus Mammals Maximum likelihood method Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic Diseases Neglected Tropical Diseases Pandemics Pathogenesis Phylogenetics Prophylaxis Rabies Reptiles & amphibians Review Rinderpest Smallpox Social behavior Statistical significance Taxonomy Tropical diseases Vaccines Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science Viruses Zoonoses Africa Surveillance Pathogenesis Rabies Vaccination Neglected Tropical Diseases Prophylaxis Diagnosis Zoonosis Epidemiology Lyssavirus
ISSN:	2731-0442, 2731-0442
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Shrnutí:	Rabies is an ancient disease. Two centuries since Pasteur, fundamental progress occurred in virology, vaccinology, and diagnostics—and an understanding of pathobiology and epizootiology of rabies in testament to One Health—before common terminological coinage. Prevention, control, selective elimination, and even the unthinkable—occasional treatment—of this zoonosis dawned by the twenty-first century. However, in contrast to smallpox and rinderpest, eradication is a wishful misnomer applied to rabies, particularly post-COVID-19 pandemic. Reasons are minion. Polyhostality encompasses bats and mesocarnivores, but other mammals represent a diverse spectrum of potential hosts. While rabies virus is the classical member of the genus, other species of lyssaviruses also cause the disease. Some reservoirs remain cryptic. Although global, this viral encephalitis is untreatable and often ignored. As with other neglected diseases, laboratory-based surveillance falls short of the notifiable ideal, especially in lower- and middle-income countries. Calculation of actual burden defaults to a flux within broad health economic models. Competing priorities, lack of defined, long-term international donors, and shrinking local champions challenge human prophylaxis and mass dog vaccination toward targets of 2030 for even canine rabies impacts. For prevention, all licensed vaccines are delivered to the individual, whether parenteral or oral–essentially ‘one and done’. Exploiting mammalian social behaviors, future ‘spreadable vaccines’ might increase the proportion of immunized hosts per unit effort. However, the release of replication-competent, genetically modified organisms selectively engineered to spread intentionally throughout a population raises significant biological, ethical, and regulatory issues in need of broader, transdisciplinary discourse. How this rather curious idea will evolve toward actual unconventional prevention, control, or elimination in the near term remains debatable. In the interim, more precise terminology and realistic expectations serve as the norm for diverse, collective constituents to maintain progress in the field.
Bibliografie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	2731-0442 2731-0442
DOI:	10.1186/s44149-023-00078-8