REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review
NdFeB permanent magnets have different life cycles, depending on the applications: from as short as 2–3 years in consumer electronics to 20–30 years in wind turbines. The size of the magnets ranges from less than 1 g in small consumer electronics to about 1 kg in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid a...
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| Published in: | Journal of sustainable metallurgy Vol. 3; no. 1; pp. 122 - 149 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham
Springer International Publishing
01.03.2017
Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 2199-3823, 2199-3831, 2199-3831 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | NdFeB permanent magnets have different life cycles, depending on the applications: from as short as 2–3 years in consumer electronics to 20–30 years in wind turbines. The size of the magnets ranges from less than 1 g in small consumer electronics to about 1 kg in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs), and can be as large as 1000–2000 kg in the generators of modern wind turbines. NdFeB permanent magnets contain about 31–32 wt% of rare-earth elements (REEs). Recycling of REEs contained in this type of magnets from the End-of-Life (EOL) products will play an important and complementary role in the total supply of REEs in the future. However, collection and recovery of the magnets from small consumer electronics imposes great social and technological challenges. This paper gives an overview of the sources of NdFeB permanent magnets related to their applications, followed by a summary of the various available technologies to recover the REEs from these magnets, including physical processing and separation, direct alloy production, and metallurgical extraction and recovery. At present, no commercial operation has been identified for recycling the EOL NdFeB permanent magnets and the recovery of the associated REE content. Most of the processing methods are still at various research and development stages. It is estimated that in the coming 10–15 years, the recycled REEs from EOL permanent magnets will play a significant role in the total REE supply in the magnet sector, provided that efficient technologies will be developed and implemented in practice. |
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| AbstractList | NdFeB permanent magnets have different life cycles, depending on the applications: from as short as 2–3 years in consumer electronics to 20–30 years in wind turbines. The size of the magnets ranges from less than 1 g in small consumer electronics to about 1 kg in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs), and can be as large as 1000–2000 kg in the generators of modern wind turbines. NdFeB permanent magnets contain about 31–32 wt% of rare-earth elements (REEs). Recycling of REEs contained in this type of magnets from the End-of-Life (EOL) products will play an important and complementary role in the total supply of REEs in the future. However, collection and recovery of the magnets from small consumer electronics imposes great social and technological challenges. This paper gives an overview of the sources of NdFeB permanent magnets related to their applications, followed by a summary of the various available technologies to recover the REEs from these magnets, including physical processing and separation, direct alloy production, and metallurgical extraction and recovery. At present, no commercial operation has been identified for recycling the EOL NdFeB permanent magnets and the recovery of the associated REE content. Most of the processing methods are still at various research and development stages. It is estimated that in the coming 10–15 years, the recycled REEs from EOL permanent magnets will play a significant role in the total REE supply in the magnet sector, provided that efficient technologies will be developed and implemented in practice. NdFeB permanent magnets have different life cycles, depending on the applications: from as short as 2–3 years in consumer electronics to 20–30 years in wind turbines. The size of the magnets ranges from less than 1 g in small consumer electronics to about 1 kg in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs), and can be as large as 1000–2000 kg in the generators of modern wind turbines. NdFeB permanent magnets contain about 31–32 wt% of rare-earth elements (REEs). Recycling of REEs contained in this type of magnets from the End-of-Life (EOL) products will play an important and complementary role in the total supply of REEs in the future. However, collection and recovery of the magnets from small consumer electronics imposes great social and technological challenges. This paper gives an overview of the sources of NdFeB permanent magnets related to their applications, followed by a summary of the various available technologies to recover the REEs from these magnets, including physical processing and separation, direct alloy production, and metallurgical extraction and recovery. At present, no commercial operation has been identified for recycling the EOL NdFeB permanent magnets and the recovery of the associated REE content. Most of the processing methods are still at various research and development stages. It is estimated that in the coming 10–15 years, the recycled REEs from EOL permanent magnets will play a significant role in the total REE supply in the magnet sector, provided that efficient technologies will be developed and implemented in practice. |
| Author | Gauß, Roland Jones, Peter Tom Walton, Allan Sheridan, Richard Van Gerven, Tom Güth, Konrad Gutfleisch, Oliver Binnemans, Koen Yang, Yongxiang Buchert, Matthias Steenari, Britt-Marie |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yongxiang orcidid: 0000-0003-4584-6918 surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Yongxiang email: y.yang@tudelft.nl organization: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Allan surname: Walton fullname: Walton, Allan organization: School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham – sequence: 3 givenname: Richard surname: Sheridan fullname: Sheridan, Richard organization: School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham – sequence: 4 givenname: Konrad surname: Güth fullname: Güth, Konrad organization: Fraunhofer ISC, Project Group IWKS – sequence: 5 givenname: Roland surname: Gauß fullname: Gauß, Roland organization: Fraunhofer ISC, Project Group IWKS – sequence: 6 givenname: Oliver surname: Gutfleisch fullname: Gutfleisch, Oliver organization: Institute of Material Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt – sequence: 7 givenname: Matthias surname: Buchert fullname: Buchert, Matthias organization: Resources & Transport Division, Öko-Institut e.V – sequence: 8 givenname: Britt-Marie surname: Steenari fullname: Steenari, Britt-Marie organization: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology – sequence: 9 givenname: Tom surname: Van Gerven fullname: Van Gerven, Tom organization: Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven – sequence: 10 givenname: Peter Tom surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Peter Tom organization: Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven – sequence: 11 givenname: Koen surname: Binnemans fullname: Binnemans, Koen organization: Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven |
| BackLink | https://research.chalmers.se/publication/251342$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Chalmers tekniska högskola) |
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| Snippet | NdFeB permanent magnets have different life cycles, depending on the applications: from as short as 2–3 years in consumer electronics to 20–30 years in wind... NdFeB permanent magnets have different life cycles, depending on the applications: from as short as 2–3 years in consumer electronics to 20–30 years in wind... |
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| SubjectTerms | Critical raw materials Earth and Environmental Science Electrolysis Electronics End of life Environment Green Rare Earth Elements--Innovations in Ore Processing Hybrid electric vehicles Hydrometallurgy Metallic Materials Neodymium Permanent magnets R&D Rare earth elements Rare earths Rare-earth magnets Recovery Recycling Research & development Sustainable Development Thematic Section: Green Rare Earth Elements--Innovations in Ore Processing Urban mining Wind turbines |
| Title | REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review |
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