Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants

The number and diversity of known CRISPR-Cas systems have substantially increased in recent years. Here, we provide an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems and cas genes, with an emphasis on the major developments that have occurred since the publication of the latest classifica...

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Published in:Nature reviews. Microbiology Vol. 18; no. 2; pp. 67 - 83
Main Authors: Makarova, Kira S, Wolf, Yuri I, Iranzo, Jaime, Shmakov, Sergey A, Alkhnbashi, Omer S, Brouns, Stan J J, Charpentier, Emmanuelle, Cheng, David, Haft, Daniel H, Horvath, Philippe, Moineau, Sylvain, Mojica, Francisco J M, Scott, David, Shah, Shiraz A, Siksnys, Virginijus, Terns, Michael P, Venclovas, Česlovas, White, Malcolm F, Yakunin, Alexander F, Yan, Winston, Zhang, Feng, Garrett, Roger A, Backofen, Rolf, van der Oost, John, Barrangou, Rodolphe, Koonin, Eugene V
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: England Nature Publishing Group 01.02.2020
Subjects:
Adaptive immunity
Archaea - genetics
Bacteria - genetics
Biological evolution
Classification
CRISPR
CRISPR-Cas Systems - genetics
CRISPR-Cas Systems - physiology
Evolution, Molecular
Evolutionary genetics
Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal - physiology
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - physiology
Genes
Nuclease
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
Signal transduction
Transposition
ISSN:1740-1526, 1740-1534, 1740-1534
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The number and diversity of known CRISPR-Cas systems have substantially increased in recent years. Here, we provide an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems and cas genes, with an emphasis on the major developments that have occurred since the publication of the latest classification, in 2015. The new classification includes 2 classes, 6 types and 33 subtypes, compared with 5 types and 16 subtypes in 2015. A key development is the ongoing discovery of multiple, novel class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems, which now include 3 types and 17 subtypes. A second major novelty is the discovery of numerous derived CRISPR-Cas variants, often associated with mobile genetic elements that lack the nucleases required for interference. Some of these variants are involved in RNA-guided transposition, whereas others are predicted to perform functions distinct from adaptive immunity that remain to be characterized experimentally. The third highlight is the discovery of numerous families of ancillary CRISPR-linked genes, often implicated in signal transduction. Together, these findings substantially clarify the functional diversity and evolutionary history of CRISPR-Cas.
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ISSN:1740-1526
1740-1534
1740-1534
DOI:10.1038/s41579-019-0299-x