Feral Donkey Distribution and Ecological Impacts in a Hyper-Arid Region
The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral...
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| Vydáno v: | Animals (Basel) Ročník 13; číslo 18; s. 2885 |
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MDPI AG
11.09.2023
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| Abstract | The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral donkeys are not well documented, and information about their abundance and distribution is lacking, certainly in Saudi Arabia, which hampers the implementation of effective management plans. Accordingly, we used the minimum population number approach (MPN) to determine the number of feral donkeys in this part of northwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 1135 feral donkeys were encountered in the region. The area around Khaybar harbors ~25% (n = 338) of the feral donkey population, whereas Tayma and AlGhrameel nature reserves were the least-inhabited sites (almost absent). The average population density of feral donkeys was estimated as 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km2. We documented the negative ecological impact of feral donkeys on natural resources, which constituted overgrazing that resulted in habitat fragmentation and competition for resources with native species. We propose urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region and suggest humane eradication as the most efficient and applicable to significantly reduce the negative impacts of feral donkeys. |
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| AbstractList | The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral donkeys are not well documented, and information about their abundance and distribution is lacking, certainly in Saudi Arabia, which hampers the implementation of effective management plans. Accordingly, we used the minimum population number approach (MPN) to determine the number of feral donkeys in this part of northwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 1135 feral donkeys were encountered in the region. The area around Khaybar harbors ~25% (n = 338) of the feral donkey population, whereas Tayma and AlGhrameel nature reserves were the least-inhabited sites (almost absent). The average population density of feral donkeys was estimated as 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km2. We documented the negative ecological impact of feral donkeys on natural resources, which constituted overgrazing that resulted in habitat fragmentation and competition for resources with native species. We propose urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region and suggest humane eradication as the most efficient and applicable to significantly reduce the negative impacts of feral donkeys. Simple SummaryWe estimated the population density and the population size of feral donkeys in northwest Saudi Arabia. The estimated overall population density was 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km2 and an abundance at ~1135 individuals. The negative impact of feral donkeys on natural resources included overgrazing, habitat fragmentation, and competition for resources with native species. Our study adds evidence to the detrimental impacts of feral donkeys and calls for urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region. We recommend humane eradication for controlling the feral donkeys as it would be the most efficient and applicable action that can significantly abate the feral donkeys’ negative impacts.AbstractThe feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral donkeys are not well documented, and information about their abundance and distribution is lacking, certainly in Saudi Arabia, which hampers the implementation of effective management plans. Accordingly, we used the minimum population number approach (MPN) to determine the number of feral donkeys in this part of northwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 1135 feral donkeys were encountered in the region. The area around Khaybar harbors ~25% (n = 338) of the feral donkey population, whereas Tayma and AlGhrameel nature reserves were the least-inhabited sites (almost absent). The average population density of feral donkeys was estimated as 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km2. We documented the negative ecological impact of feral donkeys on natural resources, which constituted overgrazing that resulted in habitat fragmentation and competition for resources with native species. We propose urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region and suggest humane eradication as the most efficient and applicable to significantly reduce the negative impacts of feral donkeys. The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral donkeys are not well documented, and information about their abundance and distribution is lacking, certainly in Saudi Arabia, which hampers the implementation of effective management plans. Accordingly, we used the minimum population number approach (MPN) to determine the number of feral donkeys in this part of northwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 1135 feral donkeys were encountered in the region. The area around Khaybar harbors ~25% (n = 338) of the feral donkey population, whereas Tayma and AlGhrameel nature reserves were the least-inhabited sites (almost absent). The average population density of feral donkeys was estimated as 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km2. We documented the negative ecological impact of feral donkeys on natural resources, which constituted overgrazing that resulted in habitat fragmentation and competition for resources with native species. We propose urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region and suggest humane eradication as the most efficient and applicable to significantly reduce the negative impacts of feral donkeys.The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral donkeys are not well documented, and information about their abundance and distribution is lacking, certainly in Saudi Arabia, which hampers the implementation of effective management plans. Accordingly, we used the minimum population number approach (MPN) to determine the number of feral donkeys in this part of northwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 1135 feral donkeys were encountered in the region. The area around Khaybar harbors ~25% (n = 338) of the feral donkey population, whereas Tayma and AlGhrameel nature reserves were the least-inhabited sites (almost absent). The average population density of feral donkeys was estimated as 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km2. We documented the negative ecological impact of feral donkeys on natural resources, which constituted overgrazing that resulted in habitat fragmentation and competition for resources with native species. We propose urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region and suggest humane eradication as the most efficient and applicable to significantly reduce the negative impacts of feral donkeys. We estimated the population density and the population size of feral donkeys in northwest Saudi Arabia. The estimated overall population density was 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km[sup.2] and an abundance at ~1135 individuals. The negative impact of feral donkeys on natural resources included overgrazing, habitat fragmentation, and competition for resources with native species. Our study adds evidence to the detrimental impacts of feral donkeys and calls for urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region. We recommend humane eradication for controlling the feral donkeys as it would be the most efficient and applicable action that can significantly abate the feral donkeys’ negative impacts. The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral donkeys are not well documented, and information about their abundance and distribution is lacking, certainly in Saudi Arabia, which hampers the implementation of effective management plans. Accordingly, we used the minimum population number approach (MPN) to determine the number of feral donkeys in this part of northwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 1135 feral donkeys were encountered in the region. The area around Khaybar harbors ~25% (n = 338) of the feral donkey population, whereas Tayma and AlGhrameel nature reserves were the least-inhabited sites (almost absent). The average population density of feral donkeys was estimated as 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km[sup.2]. We documented the negative ecological impact of feral donkeys on natural resources, which constituted overgrazing that resulted in habitat fragmentation and competition for resources with native species. We propose urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region and suggest humane eradication as the most efficient and applicable to significantly reduce the negative impacts of feral donkeys. The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral donkeys are not well documented, and information about their abundance and distribution is lacking, certainly in Saudi Arabia, which hampers the implementation of effective management plans. Accordingly, we used the minimum population number approach (MPN) to determine the number of feral donkeys in this part of northwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 1135 feral donkeys were encountered in the region. The area around Khaybar harbors ~25% (n = 338) of the feral donkey population, whereas Tayma and AlGhrameel nature reserves were the least-inhabited sites (almost absent). The average population density of feral donkeys was estimated as 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km². We documented the negative ecological impact of feral donkeys on natural resources, which constituted overgrazing that resulted in habitat fragmentation and competition for resources with native species. We propose urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region and suggest humane eradication as the most efficient and applicable to significantly reduce the negative impacts of feral donkeys. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Abdulkareem, Ayman Alfaifi, Yousef Darwish, Mohammed Al-Johani, Nawaf Browne, Stephen Soultan, Alaaeldin Assaeed, Abdulaziz M. El-Bana, Magdy |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt 2 Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 1 The Royal Commission for AlUla, Riyadh 12512, Saudi Arabia; m.darwish@rcu.gov.sa (M.D.); n.aljohani@rcu.gov.sa (N.A.-J.) |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 The Royal Commission for AlUla, Riyadh 12512, Saudi Arabia; m.darwish@rcu.gov.sa (M.D.); n.aljohani@rcu.gov.sa (N.A.-J.) – name: 3 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt – name: 2 Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Alaaeldin orcidid: 0000-0002-3976-2657 surname: Soultan fullname: Soultan, Alaaeldin – sequence: 2 givenname: Mohammed orcidid: 0009-0000-0063-5274 surname: Darwish fullname: Darwish, Mohammed – sequence: 3 givenname: Nawaf surname: Al-Johani fullname: Al-Johani, Nawaf – sequence: 4 givenname: Ayman surname: Abdulkareem fullname: Abdulkareem, Ayman – sequence: 5 givenname: Yousef surname: Alfaifi fullname: Alfaifi, Yousef – sequence: 6 givenname: Abdulaziz M. orcidid: 0000-0002-6639-5178 surname: Assaeed fullname: Assaeed, Abdulaziz M. – sequence: 7 givenname: Magdy orcidid: 0000-0003-0493-0208 surname: El-Bana fullname: El-Bana, Magdy – sequence: 8 givenname: Stephen surname: Browne fullname: Browne, Stephen |
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| Snippet | The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years,... We estimated the population density and the population size of feral donkeys in northwest Saudi Arabia. The estimated overall population density was 1.03 (0.19... Simple SummaryWe estimated the population density and the population size of feral donkeys in northwest Saudi Arabia. The estimated overall population density... |
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| SubjectTerms | AlUla Animals Arabian Desert asses Communication cultural heritage density environmental impact Equus asinus feral donkey geographical distribution habitat fragmentation Habitats indigenous species invasive species Nonnative species overgrazing Packaging population density Saudi Arabia Topography Vegetation |
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| Title | Feral Donkey Distribution and Ecological Impacts in a Hyper-Arid Region |
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