Vision 20/20: Magnetic resonance imaging-guided attenuation correction in PET/MRI: Challenges, solutions, and opportunities
Attenuation correction is an essential component of the long chain of data correction techniques required to achieve the full potential of quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The development of combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems mandated the widespread interes...
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| Published in: | Medical physics (Lancaster) Vol. 43; no. 3; pp. 1130 - 1155 |
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| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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United States
American Association of Physicists in Medicine
01.03.2016
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| ISSN: | 0094-2405, 2473-4209 |
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| Abstract | Attenuation correction is an essential component of the long chain of data correction techniques required to achieve the full potential of quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The development of combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems mandated the widespread interest in developing novel strategies for deriving accurate attenuation maps with the aim to improve the quantitative accuracy of these emerging hybrid imaging systems. The attenuation map in PET/MRI should ideally be derived from anatomical MR images; however, MRI intensities reflect proton density and relaxation time properties of biological tissues rather than their electron density and photon attenuation properties. Therefore, in contrast to PET/computed tomography, there is a lack of standardized global mapping between the intensities of MRI signal and linear attenuation coefficients at 511 keV. Moreover, in standard MRI sequences, bones and lung tissues do not produce measurable signals owing to their low proton density and short transverse relaxation times. MR images are also inevitably subject to artifacts that degrade their quality, thus compromising their applicability for the task of attenuation correction in PET/MRI. MRI-guided attenuation correction strategies can be classified in three broad categories: (i) segmentation-based approaches, (ii) atlas-registration and machine learning methods, and (iii) emission/transmission-based approaches. This paper summarizes past and current state-of-the-art developments and latest advances in PET/MRI attenuation correction. The advantages and drawbacks of each approach for addressing the challenges of MR-based attenuation correction are comprehensively described. The opportunities brought by both MRI and PET imaging modalities for deriving accurate attenuation maps and improving PET quantification will be elaborated. Future prospects and potential clinical applications of these techniques and their integration in commercial systems will also be discussed. |
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| AbstractList | Attenuation correction is an essential component of the long chain of data correction techniques required to achieve the full potential of quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The development of combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems mandated the widespread interest in developing novel strategies for deriving accurate attenuation maps with the aim to improve the quantitative accuracy of these emerging hybrid imaging systems. The attenuation map in PET/MRI should ideally be derived from anatomical MR images; however, MRI intensities reflect proton density and relaxation time properties of biological tissues rather than their electron density and photon attenuation properties. Therefore, in contrast to PET/computed tomography, there is a lack of standardized global mapping between the intensities of MRI signal and linear attenuation coefficients at 511 keV. Moreover, in standard MRI sequences, bones and lung tissues do not produce measurable signals owing to their low proton density and short transverse relaxation times. MR images are also inevitably subject to artifacts that degrade their quality, thus compromising their applicability for the task of attenuation correction in PET/MRI. MRI-guided attenuation correction strategies can be classified in three broad categories: (i) segmentation-based approaches, (ii) atlas-registration and machine learning methods, and (iii) emission/transmission-based approaches. This paper summarizes past and current state-of-the-art developments and latest advances in PET/MRI attenuation correction. The advantages and drawbacks of each approach for addressing the challenges of MR-based attenuation correction are comprehensively described. The opportunities brought by both MRI and PET imaging modalities for deriving accurate attenuation maps and improving PET quantification will be elaborated. Future prospects and potential clinical applications of these techniques and their integration in commercial systems will also be discussed. |
| Author | Zaidi, Habib Mehranian, Abolfazl Arabi, Hossein |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Abolfazl surname: Mehranian fullname: Mehranian, Abolfazl organization: Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: Hossein surname: Arabi fullname: Arabi, Hossein organization: Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: Habib surname: Zaidi fullname: Zaidi, Habib email: habib.zaidi@hcuge.ch organization: Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1205, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26936700$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22579872$$D View this record in Osti.gov |
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| Keywords | tracer uptake PET/MRI quantification attenuation correction attenuation map |
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| Notes | habib.zaidi@hcuge.ch Telephone: +41 22 372 7258; Fax: +41 22 372 7169. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 |
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| SubjectTerms | ANIMAL TISSUES attenuation correction attenuation map Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers biomedical MRI BIOMEDICAL RADIOGRAPHY Brain Clinical applications Computed tomography CORRECTIONS Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific applications Humans Image data processing or generation, in general Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods image registration image segmentation Involving electronic [emr] or nuclear [nmr] magnetic resonance, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging KEV RANGE 100-1000 learning (artificial intelligence) LUNGS Machine Learning Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods Measuring half‐life of a radioactive substance Medical image artifacts medical image processing Medical image segmentation Medical magnetic resonance imaging NMR IMAGING PET/MRI POSITRON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY positron emission tomography Positron emission tomography (PET) Positron-Emission Tomography - methods PROTON DENSITY quantification RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE Registration RELAXATION TIME Scintigraphy Segmentation SKELETON Tissues tracer uptake Whole Body Imaging |
| Title | Vision 20/20: Magnetic resonance imaging-guided attenuation correction in PET/MRI: Challenges, solutions, and opportunities |
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