Poor mental health of livestock farmers in Africa: a mixed methods case study from Ghana
Background Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population’s nutritional needs. However, in many developing countries, including Ghana, livestock production fails to meet demand due to population growth and negative effects of cli...
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| Vydáno v: | BMC public health Ročník 20; číslo 1; s. 1 - 12 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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BioMed Central
01.06.2020
Springer Nature B.V BMC |
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| ISSN: | 1471-2458, 1471-2458 |
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| Abstract | Background
Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population’s nutritional needs. However, in many developing countries, including Ghana, livestock production fails to meet demand due to population growth and negative effects of climate change. One of the challenges to production is livestock loss affecting farmers. However, despite stressful events experienced, livestock farmers’ mental health is poorly documented. This study aims to identify the root causes of livestock losses and their influence on pastoralists’ mental health.
Methods
We conducted a mixed methods study in two districts in the Northern and Southern Belts of Ghana. Using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 and guided interviews, we collected quantitative and qualitative data from 287 livestock farmers and 24 key-informants respectively. Mental health scores were categorized using standard guidelines. We evaluated the factors that explained variations in mental wellbeing using general linear models (
α
= 0.05).
Results
About 85% (240/287) of the livestock farmers lost cattle within 1 year. Of these, 91% lost cattle to animal diseases, 50% to theft and 27% to pasture shortages. Qualitative findings reveal that due to poor access to veterinary services, farmers treat livestock diseases themselves with drugs from unregulated sources and often sell diseased cows for meat to recover losses. Findings showed that 60% of livestock farmers had poor mental health. Of those, 72% were depressed, 66% anxious and 59% stressed. Mental wellbeing was negatively associated with the number of adverse events experienced, proportion of livestock lost to most of the major loss factors, emotional attachment to livestock and self-reported physical illnesses in farmers, but positively associated with increasing herd size [F (8,278) = 14.18,
p
< 0.001,
R
2
= 0.29].
Conclusions
Livestock diseases are the leading cause of losses to livestock farmers, whose mental wellbeing is negatively affected by these losses. Although an adaptive strategy by farmers to compensate for poor veterinary services, the arbitrary use of veterinary drugs and sale of diseased cattle pose health risks to the public. Further research to evaluate the performance of veterinary services in Ghana, mental health problems and risk to human health due to potential high-risk meat entering the food chain, is needed. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Background Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population’s nutritional needs. However, in many developing countries, including Ghana, livestock production fails to meet demand due to population growth and negative effects of climate change. One of the challenges to production is livestock loss affecting farmers. However, despite stressful events experienced, livestock farmers’ mental health is poorly documented. This study aims to identify the root causes of livestock losses and their influence on pastoralists’ mental health. Methods We conducted a mixed methods study in two districts in the Northern and Southern Belts of Ghana. Using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 and guided interviews, we collected quantitative and qualitative data from 287 livestock farmers and 24 key-informants respectively. Mental health scores were categorized using standard guidelines. We evaluated the factors that explained variations in mental wellbeing using general linear models (α = 0.05). Results About 85% (240/287) of the livestock farmers lost cattle within 1 year. Of these, 91% lost cattle to animal diseases, 50% to theft and 27% to pasture shortages. Qualitative findings reveal that due to poor access to veterinary services, farmers treat livestock diseases themselves with drugs from unregulated sources and often sell diseased cows for meat to recover losses. Findings showed that 60% of livestock farmers had poor mental health. Of those, 72% were depressed, 66% anxious and 59% stressed. Mental wellbeing was negatively associated with the number of adverse events experienced, proportion of livestock lost to most of the major loss factors, emotional attachment to livestock and self-reported physical illnesses in farmers, but positively associated with increasing herd size [F (8,278) = 14.18, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.29]. Conclusions Livestock diseases are the leading cause of losses to livestock farmers, whose mental wellbeing is negatively affected by these losses. Although an adaptive strategy by farmers to compensate for poor veterinary services, the arbitrary use of veterinary drugs and sale of diseased cattle pose health risks to the public. Further research to evaluate the performance of veterinary services in Ghana, mental health problems and risk to human health due to potential high-risk meat entering the food chain, is needed. Background Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population’s nutritional needs. However, in many developing countries, including Ghana, livestock production fails to meet demand due to population growth and negative effects of climate change. One of the challenges to production is livestock loss affecting farmers. However, despite stressful events experienced, livestock farmers’ mental health is poorly documented. This study aims to identify the root causes of livestock losses and their influence on pastoralists’ mental health. Methods We conducted a mixed methods study in two districts in the Northern and Southern Belts of Ghana. Using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 and guided interviews, we collected quantitative and qualitative data from 287 livestock farmers and 24 key-informants respectively. Mental health scores were categorized using standard guidelines. We evaluated the factors that explained variations in mental wellbeing using general linear models ( α = 0.05). Results About 85% (240/287) of the livestock farmers lost cattle within 1 year. Of these, 91% lost cattle to animal diseases, 50% to theft and 27% to pasture shortages. Qualitative findings reveal that due to poor access to veterinary services, farmers treat livestock diseases themselves with drugs from unregulated sources and often sell diseased cows for meat to recover losses. Findings showed that 60% of livestock farmers had poor mental health. Of those, 72% were depressed, 66% anxious and 59% stressed. Mental wellbeing was negatively associated with the number of adverse events experienced, proportion of livestock lost to most of the major loss factors, emotional attachment to livestock and self-reported physical illnesses in farmers, but positively associated with increasing herd size [F (8,278) = 14.18, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.29]. Conclusions Livestock diseases are the leading cause of losses to livestock farmers, whose mental wellbeing is negatively affected by these losses. Although an adaptive strategy by farmers to compensate for poor veterinary services, the arbitrary use of veterinary drugs and sale of diseased cattle pose health risks to the public. Further research to evaluate the performance of veterinary services in Ghana, mental health problems and risk to human health due to potential high-risk meat entering the food chain, is needed. Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population's nutritional needs. However, in many developing countries, including Ghana, livestock production fails to meet demand due to population growth and negative effects of climate change. One of the challenges to production is livestock loss affecting farmers. However, despite stressful events experienced, livestock farmers' mental health is poorly documented. This study aims to identify the root causes of livestock losses and their influence on pastoralists' mental health.BACKGROUNDAgriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population's nutritional needs. However, in many developing countries, including Ghana, livestock production fails to meet demand due to population growth and negative effects of climate change. One of the challenges to production is livestock loss affecting farmers. However, despite stressful events experienced, livestock farmers' mental health is poorly documented. This study aims to identify the root causes of livestock losses and their influence on pastoralists' mental health.We conducted a mixed methods study in two districts in the Northern and Southern Belts of Ghana. Using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and guided interviews, we collected quantitative and qualitative data from 287 livestock farmers and 24 key-informants respectively. Mental health scores were categorized using standard guidelines. We evaluated the factors that explained variations in mental wellbeing using general linear models (α = 0.05).METHODSWe conducted a mixed methods study in two districts in the Northern and Southern Belts of Ghana. Using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and guided interviews, we collected quantitative and qualitative data from 287 livestock farmers and 24 key-informants respectively. Mental health scores were categorized using standard guidelines. We evaluated the factors that explained variations in mental wellbeing using general linear models (α = 0.05).About 85% (240/287) of the livestock farmers lost cattle within 1 year. Of these, 91% lost cattle to animal diseases, 50% to theft and 27% to pasture shortages. Qualitative findings reveal that due to poor access to veterinary services, farmers treat livestock diseases themselves with drugs from unregulated sources and often sell diseased cows for meat to recover losses. Findings showed that 60% of livestock farmers had poor mental health. Of those, 72% were depressed, 66% anxious and 59% stressed. Mental wellbeing was negatively associated with the number of adverse events experienced, proportion of livestock lost to most of the major loss factors, emotional attachment to livestock and self-reported physical illnesses in farmers, but positively associated with increasing herd size [F (8,278) = 14.18, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.29].RESULTSAbout 85% (240/287) of the livestock farmers lost cattle within 1 year. Of these, 91% lost cattle to animal diseases, 50% to theft and 27% to pasture shortages. Qualitative findings reveal that due to poor access to veterinary services, farmers treat livestock diseases themselves with drugs from unregulated sources and often sell diseased cows for meat to recover losses. Findings showed that 60% of livestock farmers had poor mental health. Of those, 72% were depressed, 66% anxious and 59% stressed. Mental wellbeing was negatively associated with the number of adverse events experienced, proportion of livestock lost to most of the major loss factors, emotional attachment to livestock and self-reported physical illnesses in farmers, but positively associated with increasing herd size [F (8,278) = 14.18, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.29].Livestock diseases are the leading cause of losses to livestock farmers, whose mental wellbeing is negatively affected by these losses. Although an adaptive strategy by farmers to compensate for poor veterinary services, the arbitrary use of veterinary drugs and sale of diseased cattle pose health risks to the public. Further research to evaluate the performance of veterinary services in Ghana, mental health problems and risk to human health due to potential high-risk meat entering the food chain, is needed.CONCLUSIONSLivestock diseases are the leading cause of losses to livestock farmers, whose mental wellbeing is negatively affected by these losses. Although an adaptive strategy by farmers to compensate for poor veterinary services, the arbitrary use of veterinary drugs and sale of diseased cattle pose health risks to the public. Further research to evaluate the performance of veterinary services in Ghana, mental health problems and risk to human health due to potential high-risk meat entering the food chain, is needed. Abstract Background Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population’s nutritional needs. However, in many developing countries, including Ghana, livestock production fails to meet demand due to population growth and negative effects of climate change. One of the challenges to production is livestock loss affecting farmers. However, despite stressful events experienced, livestock farmers’ mental health is poorly documented. This study aims to identify the root causes of livestock losses and their influence on pastoralists’ mental health. Methods We conducted a mixed methods study in two districts in the Northern and Southern Belts of Ghana. Using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 and guided interviews, we collected quantitative and qualitative data from 287 livestock farmers and 24 key-informants respectively. Mental health scores were categorized using standard guidelines. We evaluated the factors that explained variations in mental wellbeing using general linear models (α = 0.05). Results About 85% (240/287) of the livestock farmers lost cattle within 1 year. Of these, 91% lost cattle to animal diseases, 50% to theft and 27% to pasture shortages. Qualitative findings reveal that due to poor access to veterinary services, farmers treat livestock diseases themselves with drugs from unregulated sources and often sell diseased cows for meat to recover losses. Findings showed that 60% of livestock farmers had poor mental health. Of those, 72% were depressed, 66% anxious and 59% stressed. Mental wellbeing was negatively associated with the number of adverse events experienced, proportion of livestock lost to most of the major loss factors, emotional attachment to livestock and self-reported physical illnesses in farmers, but positively associated with increasing herd size [F (8,278) = 14.18, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.29]. Conclusions Livestock diseases are the leading cause of losses to livestock farmers, whose mental wellbeing is negatively affected by these losses. Although an adaptive strategy by farmers to compensate for poor veterinary services, the arbitrary use of veterinary drugs and sale of diseased cattle pose health risks to the public. Further research to evaluate the performance of veterinary services in Ghana, mental health problems and risk to human health due to potential high-risk meat entering the food chain, is needed. |
| ArticleNumber | 825 |
| Author | Sarfo, Bismark Kreppel, Katharina Addo, Kennedy Kwasi Addo-Lartey, Adolphina Bonfoh, Bassirou Sackey, Samuel Fokou, Gilbert Chibanda, Dixon Kenu, Ernest Ameme, Donne Kofi Nortey, Priscilla Awo Nuvey, Francis Sena Afari, Edwin |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_14643_2 crossref_primary_10_3389_fsufs_2022_743600 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_prevetmed_2023_105919 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ehb_2023_101234 crossref_primary_10_1093_qopen_qoac032 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e27317 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12917_022_03428_9 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18179008 crossref_primary_10_4000_12pp9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envdev_2022_100737 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani14060912 crossref_primary_10_3390_cli13070139 crossref_primary_10_5334_aogh_4105 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2025_118237 crossref_primary_10_3828_whpnp_63837646691082 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43545_025_01139_0 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12917_023_03793_z crossref_primary_10_3389_fvets_2024_1335410 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_onehlt_2024_100952 crossref_primary_10_3389_fclim_2022_794669 crossref_primary_10_1192_bji_2022_14 crossref_primary_10_3390_foods13030411 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_16287_2 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1080/09638230020023877 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00362 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.001 10.1080/00207594.2012.755535 10.1016/j.crm.2018.02.004 10.1086/340246 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.009 10.1098/rstb.2016.0170 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.010 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.013 10.1002/bimj.201700067 10.15585/mmwr.mm6525a1 10.1080/1059924X.2013.796903 10.1071/AN13033 10.1007/s13753-015-0063-4 10.1186/s12889-016-3664-y 10.3389/fvets.2017.00148 |
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| Keywords | Food safety Ghana Livestock loss Veterinary Food security Mental health |
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| References_xml | – volume-title: Animal health services in rural Ghana year: 2014 ident: 8949_CR26 – volume: 11 start-page: 523 issue: 5 year: 2002 ident: 8949_CR31 publication-title: J Ment Health doi: 10.1080/09638230020023877 – start-page: 180 volume-title: The future of food and agriculture: trends and challenges year: 2017 ident: 8949_CR6 – volume: 9 start-page: 362 year: 2018 ident: 8949_CR42 publication-title: Front Microbiol doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00362 – volume-title: NVivo qualitative data analysis software year: 2018 ident: 8949_CR23 – volume-title: Afram Plains District Agric Development Project year: 2019 ident: 8949_CR27 – ident: 8949_CR7 – volume-title: Stata Statistical Software: Release 15 year: 2017 ident: 8949_CR21 – start-page: 57 volume-title: World Day for Safety and Health at Work year: 2016 ident: 8949_CR5 – volume: 90 start-page: 194 issue: 3–4 year: 2009 ident: 8949_CR24 publication-title: Prev Vet Med doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.001 – ident: 8949_CR10 – volume: 9 start-page: 1 issue: 4 year: 2018 ident: 8949_CR28 publication-title: Solut J – ident: 8949_CR37 – volume: 68 start-page: 1 year: 2005 ident: 8949_CR30 publication-title: BMJ – start-page: 1 volume-title: Safety and health in agriculture year: 2011 ident: 8949_CR32 – ident: 8949_CR16 – volume: 48 start-page: 1018 issue: 6 year: 2013 ident: 8949_CR19 publication-title: Int J Psychol doi: 10.1080/00207594.2012.755535 – ident: 8949_CR18 – volume: 20 start-page: 64 year: 2018 ident: 8949_CR29 publication-title: Clim Risk Manag doi: 10.1016/j.crm.2018.02.004 – volume: 34 start-page: s93 issue: 3 year: 2002 ident: 8949_CR43 publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/340246 – volume-title: Building climate resilience for food security and nutrition year: 2018 ident: 8949_CR1 – volume: 175 start-page: 161 year: 2017 ident: 8949_CR36 publication-title: Soc Sci Med doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.009 – start-page: 1 volume-title: Suicide: key facts year: 2018 ident: 8949_CR9 – volume: 372 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 8949_CR38 publication-title: Philos Trans R Soc B, Biol Sci doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0170 – volume: 23 start-page: 588 issue: 3 year: 2013 ident: 8949_CR39 publication-title: Glob Environ Change doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.010 – volume: 14 start-page: 38 issue: 2 year: 2017 ident: 8949_CR12 publication-title: BJ Psych Int – volume: 8 start-page: 2882 issue: 12 year: 2018 ident: 8949_CR2 publication-title: Int J Manag Technol Eng – volume: 116 start-page: 138 issue: 1–2 year: 2014 ident: 8949_CR25 publication-title: Prev Vet Med doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.013 – volume: 13 start-page: 1 issue: 288 year: 2013 ident: 8949_CR11 publication-title: BMC Public Health – volume-title: Socio-economic context and role of agriculture year: 2015 ident: 8949_CR14 – volume: 7 start-page: 35 issue: 1 year: 2011 ident: 8949_CR20 publication-title: New Voices Transl Stud – volume: 60 start-page: 431 issue: 3 year: 2018 ident: 8949_CR22 publication-title: Biom J doi: 10.1002/bimj.201700067 – volume: 65 start-page: 641 issue: 25 year: 2016 ident: 8949_CR34 publication-title: Morb Mortal Wkly Rep doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6525a1 – volume: 18 start-page: 244 issue: 3 year: 2013 ident: 8949_CR4 publication-title: J Agromed doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2013.796903 – volume-title: Making a difference in the lives of people with mental disorders year: 2012 ident: 8949_CR8 – volume: 54 start-page: 629 issue: 5 year: 2013 ident: 8949_CR35 publication-title: Anim Prod Sci doi: 10.1071/AN13033 – ident: 8949_CR13 – volume: 6 start-page: 295 issue: 3 year: 2015 ident: 8949_CR40 publication-title: Int J Disaster Risk Sci doi: 10.1007/s13753-015-0063-4 – ident: 8949_CR3 – ident: 8949_CR15 – ident: 8949_CR17 – volume: 16 start-page: 1 issue: 988 year: 2016 ident: 8949_CR33 publication-title: BMC Public Health doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3664-y – volume: 4 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 8949_CR41 publication-title: Front Vet Sci doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00148 |
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Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population’s nutritional needs. However,... Background Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population’s nutritional needs. However,... Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population's nutritional needs. However, in many... Abstract Background Agriculture represents the mainstay of African economies and livestock products are essential to the human population’s nutritional needs.... |
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| Title | Poor mental health of livestock farmers in Africa: a mixed methods case study from Ghana |
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