The penelope code system. Specific features and recent improvements
•penelope implements state-of-the-art models for electron and photon interactions.•It is characterized by a systematic use of class-II tracking of charged particles.•The code includes elaborate variance reduction methods and flexible geometry tools. Since its first release, back in 1996, the Monte C...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Annals of nuclear energy Jg. 82; S. 98 - 109 |
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| Abstract | •penelope implements state-of-the-art models for electron and photon interactions.•It is characterized by a systematic use of class-II tracking of charged particles.•The code includes elaborate variance reduction methods and flexible geometry tools.
Since its first release, back in 1996, the Monte Carlo code system penelope has evolved into both a flexible and reliable tool for describing coupled electron–photon transport in complex material structures. The present article contains an overview of the physical interaction models, particle tracking methods, geometry tools, and variance-reduction techniques implemented in penelope. Recent refinements aimed at improving the accuracy of the code, and its stability under variations of user-defined simulation parameters, are also described. These include the use of reliable cross sections for the ionization of inner atomic electron shells by electron/positron impact, a reformulation of the random-hinge method, and the use of fuzzy quadric surfaces in the description of the geometry. |
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| AbstractList | Since its first release, back in 1996, the Monte Carlo code system penelope has evolved into both a flexible and reliable tool for describing coupled electron-photon transport in complex material structures. The present article contains an overview of the physical interaction models, particle tracking methods, geometry tools, and variance-reduction techniques implemented in penelope. Recent refinements aimed at improving the accuracy of the code, and its stability under variations of user-defined simulation parameters, are also described. These include the use of reliable cross sections for the ionization of inner atomic electron shells by electron/positron impact, a reformulation of the random-hinge method, and the use of fuzzy quadric surfaces in the description of the geometry. •penelope implements state-of-the-art models for electron and photon interactions.•It is characterized by a systematic use of class-II tracking of charged particles.•The code includes elaborate variance reduction methods and flexible geometry tools. Since its first release, back in 1996, the Monte Carlo code system penelope has evolved into both a flexible and reliable tool for describing coupled electron–photon transport in complex material structures. The present article contains an overview of the physical interaction models, particle tracking methods, geometry tools, and variance-reduction techniques implemented in penelope. Recent refinements aimed at improving the accuracy of the code, and its stability under variations of user-defined simulation parameters, are also described. These include the use of reliable cross sections for the ionization of inner atomic electron shells by electron/positron impact, a reformulation of the random-hinge method, and the use of fuzzy quadric surfaces in the description of the geometry. |
| Author | Salvat, Francesc |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Francesc surname: Salvat fullname: Salvat, Francesc email: francesc.salvat@ub.edu organization: Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Física (ECM and ICC), Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.cpc.2004.09.006 10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00363-3 10.1002/andp.19314030406 10.1088/0026-1394/46/2/S08 10.2172/295438 10.1016/S0168-583X(03)00453-1 10.1016/S0168-583X(97)00414-X 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.042701 10.1016/0168-583X(95)00349-5 10.1088/0031-9155/45/8/315 10.1016/0168-583X(85)90707-4 10.1016/0010-4655(71)90020-8 10.1103/PhysRev.137.A27 10.2172/10121422 10.1103/RevModPhys.39.78 10.1016/0168-583X(93)95827-R 10.1016/0168-9002(96)00652-3 10.1103/PhysRev.78.526 10.1016/0092-640X(86)90014-8 10.1103/PhysRevA.5.1063 10.1063/1.1473684 10.1088/0022-3727/16/8/023 10.13182/NSE68-1 10.1016/0092-640X(83)90001-3 10.1103/PhysRev.88.851 10.1103/RevModPhys.75.35 |
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| Snippet | •penelope implements state-of-the-art models for electron and photon interactions.•It is characterized by a systematic use of class-II tracking of charged... Since its first release, back in 1996, the Monte Carlo code system penelope has evolved into both a flexible and reliable tool for describing coupled... |
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| SubjectTerms | Class II tracking Computer simulation Constructive quadric geometry Electron interactions Fuzzy Ionization Mathematical models Monte Carlo Monte Carlo methods Nuclear power generation Nuclear reactor components Photon interactions |
| Title | The penelope code system. Specific features and recent improvements |
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