The penelope code system. Specific features and recent improvements

•penelope implements state-of-the-art models for electron and photon interactions.•It is characterized by a systematic use of class-II tracking of charged particles.•The code includes elaborate variance reduction methods and flexible geometry tools. Since its first release, back in 1996, the Monte C...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annals of nuclear energy Vol. 82; pp. 98 - 109
Main Author: Salvat, Francesc
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.08.2015
Subjects:
Class II tracking
Computer simulation
Constructive quadric geometry
Electron interactions
Fuzzy
Ionization
Mathematical models
Monte Carlo
Monte Carlo methods
Nuclear power generation
Nuclear reactor components
Photon interactions
Class II tracking
Monte Carlo
Photon interactions
Constructive quadric geometry
Electron interactions
ISSN:0306-4549, 1873-2100
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:•penelope implements state-of-the-art models for electron and photon interactions.•It is characterized by a systematic use of class-II tracking of charged particles.•The code includes elaborate variance reduction methods and flexible geometry tools. Since its first release, back in 1996, the Monte Carlo code system penelope has evolved into both a flexible and reliable tool for describing coupled electron–photon transport in complex material structures. The present article contains an overview of the physical interaction models, particle tracking methods, geometry tools, and variance-reduction techniques implemented in penelope. Recent refinements aimed at improving the accuracy of the code, and its stability under variations of user-defined simulation parameters, are also described. These include the use of reliable cross sections for the ionization of inner atomic electron shells by electron/positron impact, a reformulation of the random-hinge method, and the use of fuzzy quadric surfaces in the description of the geometry.
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ISSN:0306-4549
1873-2100
DOI:10.1016/j.anucene.2014.08.007