Assessment of Odour Emission During the Composting Process by Using Olfactory Methods and Gas Sensor Array Measurements

The final stage of green waste treatment typically occurs in composting plants, where waste is biologically stabilised through the activity of microorganisms. The composting process is accompanied by the emission of volatile organic compounds responsible for odour perception. Such nuisance odours ar...

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Published in:	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 10; p. 3153
Main Authors:	Szyłak-Szydłowski, Mirosław, Kos, Wojciech, Tarakowski, Rafał, Tkaczyk, Miłosz, Borowik, Piotr
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 16.05.2025 MDPI
Subjects:	Air Pollutants - analysis Biodegradation Biological activity Chromatography compost Composting Composting - methods Design and construction Electronic Nose Environmental monitoring Environmental Monitoring - instrumentation Environmental Monitoring - methods Gas-detectors Gases Gases - analysis Humans Identification and classification Measurement Measurement techniques measurements Odorants - analysis odour emission olfactometry Olfactometry - methods Performance evaluation Sensors Soil Surveillance Testing VOCs Volatile organic compounds Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis waste Poland waste VOC measurements compost olfactometry electronic nose odour emission measurements
ISSN:	1424-8220, 1424-8220
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Abstract	The final stage of green waste treatment typically occurs in composting plants, where waste is biologically stabilised through the activity of microorganisms. The composting process is accompanied by the emission of volatile organic compounds responsible for odour perception. Such nuisance odours are commonly regarded as atmospheric air pollutants and are subject to monitoring and legal regulation. Olfactometry remains the standard method for quantifying odours. Unfortunately, due to its dependence on human evaluators, it is often regarded as both labour-intensive and costly. Electronic noses are an emerging measurement method that could be used for such applications. This manuscript reports experimental measurements that were carried out at a composting facility specialising in the processing of biodegradable materials. VOC concentration was measured by the TSI OmniTrak™ Solution. The efficiency of the deodourisation process was evaluated by means of field olfactometry. A gas sensor array of a PEN3 electronic nose was used for the on-site measurements of emitted gas characteristics. A strong correlation between measurements by the three distinct techniques was confirmed. Three different phases of the composting process could be distinguished in the collected results.
AbstractList	The final stage of green waste treatment typically occurs in composting plants, where waste is biologically stabilised through the activity of microorganisms. The composting process is accompanied by the emission of volatile organic compounds responsible for odour perception. Such nuisance odours are commonly regarded as atmospheric air pollutants and are subject to monitoring and legal regulation. Olfactometry remains the standard method for quantifying odours. Unfortunately, due to its dependence on human evaluators, it is often regarded as both labour-intensive and costly. Electronic noses are an emerging measurement method that could be used for such applications. This manuscript reports experimental measurements that were carried out at a composting facility specialising in the processing of biodegradable materials. VOC concentration was measured by the TSI OmniTrak™ Solution. The efficiency of the deodourisation process was evaluated by means of field olfactometry. A gas sensor array of a PEN3 electronic nose was used for the on-site measurements of emitted gas characteristics. A strong correlation between measurements by the three distinct techniques was confirmed. Three different phases of the composting process could be distinguished in the collected results. The final stage of green waste treatment typically occurs in composting plants, where waste is biologically stabilised through the activity of microorganisms. The composting process is accompanied by the emission of volatile organic compounds responsible for odour perception. Such nuisance odours are commonly regarded as atmospheric air pollutants and are subject to monitoring and legal regulation. Olfactometry remains the standard method for quantifying odours. Unfortunately, due to its dependence on human evaluators, it is often regarded as both labour-intensive and costly. Electronic noses are an emerging measurement method that could be used for such applications. This manuscript reports experimental measurements that were carried out at a composting facility specialising in the processing of biodegradable materials. VOC concentration was measured by the TSI OmniTrak™ Solution. The efficiency of the deodourisation process was evaluated by means of field olfactometry. A gas sensor array of a PEN3 electronic nose was used for the on-site measurements of emitted gas characteristics. A strong correlation between measurements by the three distinct techniques was confirmed. Three different phases of the composting process could be distinguished in the collected results.The final stage of green waste treatment typically occurs in composting plants, where waste is biologically stabilised through the activity of microorganisms. The composting process is accompanied by the emission of volatile organic compounds responsible for odour perception. Such nuisance odours are commonly regarded as atmospheric air pollutants and are subject to monitoring and legal regulation. Olfactometry remains the standard method for quantifying odours. Unfortunately, due to its dependence on human evaluators, it is often regarded as both labour-intensive and costly. Electronic noses are an emerging measurement method that could be used for such applications. This manuscript reports experimental measurements that were carried out at a composting facility specialising in the processing of biodegradable materials. VOC concentration was measured by the TSI OmniTrak™ Solution. The efficiency of the deodourisation process was evaluated by means of field olfactometry. A gas sensor array of a PEN3 electronic nose was used for the on-site measurements of emitted gas characteristics. A strong correlation between measurements by the three distinct techniques was confirmed. Three different phases of the composting process could be distinguished in the collected results.
Audience	Academic
Author	Borowik, Piotr Tkaczyk, Miłosz Szyłak-Szydłowski, Mirosław Kos, Wojciech Tarakowski, Rafał
AuthorAffiliation	2 Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; rafal.tarakowski@pw.edu.pl (R.T.); pborow@poczta.onet.pl (P.B.) 1 Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20 St., 00-653 Warsaw, Poland; wojciech.kos.dokt@pw.edu.pl 3 Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland; m.tkaczyk@ibles.waw.pl
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; rafal.tarakowski@pw.edu.pl (R.T.); pborow@poczta.onet.pl (P.B.) – name: 3 Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland; m.tkaczyk@ibles.waw.pl – name: 1 Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20 St., 00-653 Warsaw, Poland; wojciech.kos.dokt@pw.edu.pl
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SubjectTerms	Air Pollutants - analysis Biodegradation Biological activity Chromatography compost Composting Composting - methods Design and construction Electronic Nose Environmental monitoring Environmental Monitoring - instrumentation Environmental Monitoring - methods Gas-detectors Gases Gases - analysis Humans Identification and classification Measurement Measurement techniques measurements Odorants - analysis odour emission olfactometry Olfactometry - methods Performance evaluation Sensors Soil Surveillance Testing VOCs Volatile organic compounds Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis waste
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Title	Assessment of Odour Emission During the Composting Process by Using Olfactory Methods and Gas Sensor Array Measurements
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