A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change

The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devi...

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Vydáno v:Reviews of geophysics (1985) Ročník 51; číslo 3; s. 450 - 483
Hlavní autoři: Abraham, J. P., Baringer, M., Bindoff, N. L., Boyer, T., Cheng, L. J., Church, J. A., Conroy, J. L., Domingues, C. M., Fasullo, J. T., Gilson, J., Goni, G., Good, S. A., Gorman, J. M., Gouretski, V., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Kizu, S., Lyman, J. M., Macdonald, A. M., Minkowycz, W. J., Moffitt, S. E., Palmer, M. D., Piola, A. R., Reseghetti, F., Schuckmann, K., Trenberth, K. E., Velicogna, I., Willis, J. K.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Washington Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.09.2013
American Geophysical Union
Témata:
Accuracy
Altimetry
Anthropogenic factors
Argo float
Bathythermographs
Climate change
Earth energy balance
Energy balance
Energy storage
Enthalpy
Estimates
expendable bathythermograph
Floats
Gauges
Global temperatures
Global warming
Heat
Life Sciences
Marine
ocean heat content
Ocean temperature
Sea level
Sea level rise
Temperature measurement
Thermal expansion
thermosteric sea level rise
ISSN:8755-1209, 1944-9208
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Popis
Shrnutí:The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr−1 with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed. Key Points Oceanographic techniques and analysis have improved over many decades These improvements allow more accurate Earth‐energy balance estimates Understanding of ocean heat content and sea‐level rise has also increased
Bibliografie:NASA - No. NNX09AH89G
istex:5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986B
NOAA - No. NA17RJ1231
Cluster of Excellence "CLISAP" - No. EXC177
Australian Antarctic and Ecosystems Research Cooperative Centre
ark:/67375/WNG-SPFKMC61-6
Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme - No. GA01101
US National Science Foundation - No. GEO-0452325
MOST - No. 2012CB417404
ArticleID:ROG20022
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
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ISSN:8755-1209
1944-9208
DOI:10.1002/rog.20022