Scientific developments in understanding food allergy prevention, diagnosis, and treatment

Food allergies (FAs) are adverse immune reactions to normally innocuous foods. Their prevalence has been increasing in recent decades. They can be IgE-mediated, non-IgE mediated, or mixed. Of these, the mechanisms underlying IgE-mediated FA are the best understood and this has assisted in the develo...

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Published in:Frontiers in immunology Vol. 16; p. 1572283
Main Authors: Hund, Shirin Karimi, Sampath, Vanitha, Zhou, Xiaoying, Thai, Bryan, Desai, Khushi, Nadeau, Kari C.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland Frontiers Media SA 22.04.2025
Frontiers Media S.A
Subjects:
Allergens
Allergens - immunology
Anaphylaxis
Animals
Anti-Allergic Agents - therapeutic use
Asthma
biomarkers
Classification
Cytokines
Dendritic cells
Dermatitis
Desensitization, Immunologic - methods
Diagnosis
Disease
Drug development
Food allergies
food allergy
Food Hypersensitivity - diagnosis
Food Hypersensitivity - immunology
Food Hypersensitivity - prevention & control
Food Hypersensitivity - therapy
Humans
IgE antibodies
Immune system
Immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulin E - immunology
Immunological tolerance
Immunology
Immunosuppressive agents
Immunotherapy
Janus kinase
Monoclonal antibodies
Nanoparticles
Omalizumab - therapeutic use
Pediatrics
Population
prevention
Processed foods
Risk factors
United Kingdom > UK
United States > US
biologics
biomarkers
immunotherapy
diagnosis
IgE antibodies
food allergy
prevention
ISSN:1664-3224, 1664-3224
Online Access:Get full text
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Description
Summary:Food allergies (FAs) are adverse immune reactions to normally innocuous foods. Their prevalence has been increasing in recent decades. They can be IgE-mediated, non-IgE mediated, or mixed. Of these, the mechanisms underlying IgE-mediated FA are the best understood and this has assisted in the development of therapeutics. Currently there are two approved drugs for the treatment of FA, Palforzia and Omalizumab. Palfornia is a characterized peanut product used as immunotherapy for peanut allergy. Immunotherapy, involves exposure of the patient to small but increasing doses of the allergen and slowly builds immune tolerance to the allergen and increases a patient’s allergic threshold. Omalizumab, a biologic, is an anti-IgE antibody which binds to IgE and prevents release of proinflammatory allergenic mediators on exposure to allergen. Other biologics, investigational vaccines, nanoparticles, Janus Kinase and Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or DARPins are also being evaluated as potential therapeutics. Oral food challenges (OFC) are the gold standard for the diagnosis for FA. However, they are time-consuming and involve risk of anaphylaxis; therefore, alternative diagnostic methods are being evaluated. This review will discuss how the immune system mediates an allergic response to specific foods, as well as FA risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatments for FA.
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Edited by: Philippe Bégin, CHU Sainte-Justine, Canada
Marija Perusko, Solna, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Sweden
Reviewed by: Yukun Liu, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
ISSN:1664-3224
1664-3224
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1572283