Progenitors in the adult cerebral cortex: Cell cycle properties and regulation by physiological stimuli and injury

The adult brain parenchyma contains a widespread population of progenitors generating different cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage such as NG2+ cells and some mature oligodendrocytes. However, it is still largely unknown how proliferation and lineage decisions of these progenitors are regulated. H...

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Published in:Glia Vol. 59; no. 6; pp. 869 - 881
Main Authors: Simon, Christiane, Götz, Magdalena, Dimou, Leda
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.06.2011
Subjects:
Animals
Brain injury
Cell cycle
cell cycle regulation
Cell Differentiation - physiology
Cell Lineage - physiology
Cell Proliferation
Cerebral Cortex - cytology
Cerebral Cortex - physiology
Cortex
cortical injury
Data processing
Differentiation
Disease Models, Animal
Environmental effects
G1 phase
Mice
microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendroglia - physiology
Parenchyma
Physical training
Progeny
reactive astrocytes
running wheel
Stem cells
Stem Cells - cytology
Stem Cells - physiology
Wounds
ISSN:0894-1491, 1098-1136, 1098-1136
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The adult brain parenchyma contains a widespread population of progenitors generating different cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage such as NG2+ cells and some mature oligodendrocytes. However, it is still largely unknown how proliferation and lineage decisions of these progenitors are regulated. Here, we first characterized the cell cycle length, proliferative fraction, and progeny of dividing cells in the adult cerebral cortex and then compared these proliferation characteristics after two distinct stimuli, invasive acute brain injury and increased physiological activity by voluntary physical exercise. Our data show that adult parenchymal progenitors have a very long cell cycle due to an extended G1 phase, many of them can divide at least twice and only a limited proportion of the progeny differentiates into mature oligodendrocytes. After stab wound injury, however, many of these progenitors re‐enter the cell cycle very fast, suggesting that the normally long G1 phase is subject to regulation and can be abruptly shortened. In striking contrast, voluntary physical exercise shows the opposite effect with increased exit of the cell cycle followed by an enhanced and fast differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the endogenous population of adult brain parenchymal progenitors is subject to profound modulation by environmental stimuli in both directions, either faster proliferation or faster differentiation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bibliography:The Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
The Bavarian State Ministry of the Sciences
European Community (Integrated Project EuTRACC)
ArticleID:GLIA21156
Breuer Stiftung and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - No. SFB596; No. SFB870
The Helmholtz Association (HELMA)
Research and the Arts
The Friedrich Bauer Stiftung
istex:1239431A0EAAAEB4928D39B37F771C1C6B9E48FA
ark:/67375/WNG-X506M700-H
ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-1
content type line 23
ISSN:0894-1491
1098-1136
1098-1136
DOI:10.1002/glia.21156